Macromolecular ketoaldehydes

Abstract

Methods of producing macromolecular compositions and using same are provided. The method includes preparing a resin material; forming an acetyl group on the resin material; and oxidizing the acetyl group via a one-step reaction including reacting a sulfoxide and an acid with the acetyl group to form a ketoaldehyde group. The macromolecular compositions are capable of removing an effective amount of one or more constituents from a physiological solution, such as urea during dialysis therapy.

1 . A medical device comprising:
 a body defining an interior;   an inlet;   an outlet; and   a binder material, located in the interior of the body, comprising a polystyrene, a spacer group attached to a phenyl group on the polystyrene, and an alpha-ketoaldehyde group attached to the spacer group, the binder material adapted to remove one or more constituents from a medical fluid that flows into the interior of the body.   
   
   
       2 . The medical device of  claim 1 , wherein the binder material is a urea binder material adapted to remove a therapeutically effective amount of urea from a dialysis solution. 
   
   
       3 . The medical device of  claim 1 , wherein the spacer group is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or an unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or an unsubstituted alicyclic group, a substituted or an unsubstituted aromatic group and combinations thereof. 
   
   
       4 . The medical device of  claim 1 , wherein the spacer group comprises a methylene group. 
   
   
       5 . The medical device of  claim 1 , wherein the binder material has a layered configuration. 
   
   
       6 . The medical device of  claim 1 , wherein the binder material is provided in a chemical cartridge. 
   
   
       7 . The medical device of  claim 6 , wherein the chemical cartridge includes a urea binder material, a carbon layer, and a material layer. 
   
   
       8 . A medical device comprising:
 a body defining an interior;   an inlet;   an outlet; and   a chemical cartridge including a binder material, a carbon layer and a material layer, the binder material comprising a polystyrene, a spacer group attached to a phenyl group on the polystyrene, and an alpha-ketoaldehyde group attached to the spacer group, wherein the chemical cartridge is provided in the interior of the body and is adapted to remove one or more constituents from a medical fluid that is received within the interior of the body.   
   
   
       9 . A medical system comprising:
 a removal device comprising a body, a binder material located within the interior of the body, the binder material comprising a polystyrene, a spacer group attached to a phenyl group on the polystyrene, and an alpha-ketoaldehyde group attached to the spacer group, the binder material adapted to remove one or more constituents from a medical fluid; and   a fluid pathway coupled to the removal device, the fluid pathway comprising an inflow fluid path and an outflow fluid path for the medical fluid.   
   
   
       10 . The medical system of  claim 9 , the removal device further comprising:
 an inlet configured to fluidly connect the inflow fluid path to the body of the removal device, and   an outlet configured to fluidly connect the outflow fluid path to the body of the removal device.   
   
   
       11 . A binder material comprising:
 a cross-linked polystyrene having a phenyl group, and   an alpha-ketoaldehyde group attached to the phenyl group.   
   
   
       12 . The binder material of  claim 11 , further comprising one or more activating groups attached to the phenyl ring. 
   
   
       13 . The binder material of  claim 11 , further comprising at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of a hydrophilic group, an ion exchanging group or combinations thereof. 
   
   
       14 . The binder material of  claim 11 , further comprising a suitable amount of a cross-linking agent. 
   
   
       15 . The binder material of  claim 14 , the cross-linked polystyrene further comprising up to about 25% by weight of the cross-linking agent. 
   
   
       16 . The binder material of  claim 14 , wherein the cross-linking agent is divinylbenzene. 
   
   
       17 . The binder material of  claim 11 , wherein the cross-linked polystyrene is a porous bead. 
   
   
       18 . A method for removing one or more constituents from a physiological solution, the method comprising:
 passing a physiological solution through a removal device comprising a binder material, the binder material comprising a cross-linked polystyrene having a phenyl group and an alpha-ketoaldehyde group attached to the phenyl group, and   removing one or more constituents from the physiological fluid.   
   
   
       19 . The method of  claim 18 , the binder material further comprising one or more activating groups attached to the phenyl ring. 
   
   
       20 . The method of  claim 18 , the binder material further comprising at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic groups, ion exchanging groups or combinations thereof. 
   
   
       21 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the physiological fluid includes dialysate that has been passed from a patient to the removal device. 
   
   
       22 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the binder material is a urea binder material. 
   
   
       23 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the binder material further comprises at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic groups, ion exchanging groups or combinations thereof. 
   
   
       24 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the constituents are selected from the group consisting of a nucleophilic moiety, an electron-rich chemical group, a Lewis base, a Bronsted base, an anion, including halides, molecules or radicals containing one or more heteroatoms with a free electron pair including sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, urea, creatinine, uric acid, β-2 microglobulin, metabolic waste, proteinaceous matter, biological matter and combinations thereof. 
   
   
       25 . A method for treating a patient requiring dialysis therapy, the method comprising:
 removing a physiological solution from a patient,   passing the physiological solution through a removal device comprising a binder material, the binder material comprising a polystyrene, a spacer group attached to a phenyl group on the polystyrene, and an alpha-ketoaldehyde group attached to the spacer group;   removing one or more constituents from the physiological fluid, and   returning the physiological solution to the patient.   
   
   
       26 . The method of  claim 25 , wherein the physiological solution is a dialysate solution. 
   
   
       27 . The method of  claim 25 , wherein one of the constituents removed from the physiological fluid is urea.