US2007244081A1PendingUtilityA1

Triterpene quaternary salts as biologically active surfactants

Assignee: UNIV MINNESTOAPriority: Jan 18, 2002Filed: Jun 8, 2007Published: Oct 18, 2007
Est. expiryJan 18, 2022(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
A61P 31/10C07J 63/00C07J 53/00A61P 31/04C07J 63/008
56
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Claims

Abstract

The invention provides novel compounds that are quaternary amine derivatives of betulin and other triterpenes. The compounds have antibacterial, antifungal, and surfactant properties.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
1 - 69 . (canceled)  
   
   
       70 . A compound of formula (II):  
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein, 
 R 1  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 2  is hydrogen, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ; provided at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R 3  is absent, oxy, thio, or imino;  
 R 4  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 5  is hydrogen, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ; provided at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R 6  is absent, oxy, thio, or imino;  
 R 7  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 8  is hydrogen, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ; provided at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R a , R b , and R c  are each independently (C 1 -C 24 )alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkly, heterocycle, or heterocylealkyl;  
 any heteroaryl, heterocycle, or R a , R b , or R c  of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , —NR d R e , or cycloalkylalkyl;  
 R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl;  
 any alkyl or alkylene of R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , or R 8  can be optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and is optionally partially unsaturated;  
 or an acceptable salt thereof.  
 
   
   
       71 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein N + -containing heteroaryl is N-pyridinium, N-methyl-2-pyridinium, N-methyl-3-pyridinium, N-methyl-4-pyridinium, N-ethyl-2-pyridinium, N-ethyl-3-pyridinium, N-ethylpyridinium, 3,5-dimethylpyridinium, or 4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium; 
 wherein any heteroaryl can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , —NR d R e , or cycloalkylalkyl;    wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.    
   
   
       72 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein N + -containing heterocycle is N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; N-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; N-methyl-N-piperidino; N,N-dimethyl-2-piperidino; N,N-dimethyl-3-piperidino; N,N-dimethyl-4-piperidino; N-methyl-N-morpholino; N,N-dimethyl-2-morpholino; or N,N-dimethyl-3-morpholino; 
 wherein any heterocycle can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , —NR d R e , or cycloalkylalkyl;    wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.    
   
   
       73 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein —N + —R a R b R c  is N′-benzyl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine-N-yl; N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine-N-yl; octyldimethylammonium; tetradecyldimethylammonium; trimethylammonium; triethylammonium, or tri(hydroxymethyl)ammonium.  
   
   
       74 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  are each independently absent, hydroxyl, N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, N-pyridinium, N-alkyl-N-piperidino, N-alkyl-N-morpholino, N-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, or —N + R a R b R c ; provided at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ; 
 wherein N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; N-pyridinium; N-alkyl-N-piperidino; N-alkyl-N-morpholino; and N-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl can optionally be substituted on one or more suitable carbon atoms with one or more oxo, hydroxy, mercapto, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —COOR d , or —NR d R e ;    wherein any alkyl or alkylene of R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , or R 8  can optionally be substituted with one or more oxo or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and can optionally be partially unsaturated;    wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl    
   
   
       75 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 1  is absent and R 2  is hydrogen, N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, or N-dimethylamino-N-pyridinium.  
   
   
       76 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 3  and R 4  are absent, and R 5  is hydrogen.  
   
   
       77 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 3  is oxy; R 4  is absent or (C 1 -C 5 )alkylenecarbonyl; and R 5  is hydrogen, N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; 4-dimethylamino-N-pyridinium; 4-hydroxybutyl-N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; 4-benzyl-N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; tetramethylethylenediamine-N-yl; N′-benzyl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine-N-yl; N-pyridinium; 4-hydroxymethyl-N-pyridinium; 2,4-dimethyl-N-pyridinium; 3,5-dimethyl-N-pyridinium; octyldimethylammonium; or tetradecyldimethylammonium.  
   
   
       78 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 6  is oxy; R 7  is absent or (C 1 -C 5 )alkylenecarbonyl; and R 8  is hydrogen, N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; 4-dimethylamino-N-pyridinium; N′-(4-hydroxybutyl)-N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; N′-benzyl-N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine-N-yl; N′-benzyl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine-N-yl; N-pyridinium; 4-hydroxymethyl-N-pyridinium; 2,4-dimethyl-N-pyridinium; 3,5-dimethyl-N-pyridinium; octyldimethylammonium; tetradecyldimethylammonium; 2-methyl-N-pyridinium; 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-piperidinium; or N-methyl-N-morpholino.  
   
   
       79 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is —N + R a R b R c  wherein R a  and R b  are each independently (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and optionally partially unsaturated; wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.  
   
   
       80 . The compound of  claim 79 , wherein R 1  is absent and R 2  is hydrogen.  
   
   
       81 . The compound of  claim 80 , wherein 
 R 3  is absent or oxy, R 4  is absent, R 5  is hydrogen; or    R 6  is oxy, R 7  is absent, and R 8  is hydrogen.    
   
   
       82 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is —N + R a R b R c  wherein R a  and R b  are each independently (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and optionally partially unsaturated; wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl; 
 R 1  is absent and    R 2  is hydrogen.    
   
   
       83 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein the at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is —N + R a R b R c , wherein R a  and R b  are each independently (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and optionally partially unsaturated; wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl; 
 R 1  is absent and    R 2  is hydrogen,    R 3  is absent or oxy,    R 4  is absent, and    R 5  is hydrogen.    
   
   
       84 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 6  is oxy, R 7  is absent, and R 8  is hydrogen.  
   
   
       85 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 3  is absent, or oxy.  
   
   
       86 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein the R 4  is acetyl.  
   
   
       87 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 5  is —N + R a R b R c  wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and optionally partially unsaturated; 
 wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.    
   
   
       88 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 5  is —N + R a R b R c  wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl.  
   
   
       89 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 4  is —N + R a R b R c  wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl and R e  is (C 1 -C 24 )alkyl.  
   
   
       90 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 5  is —N + R a R b R c  wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl and R c  is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.  
   
   
       91 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 6  is absent, or oxy.  
   
   
       92 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 7  is acetyl.  
   
   
       93 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein R 8  is —N + R a R b R c , wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and optionally partially unsaturated; 
 wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.    
   
   
       94 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein the R 8  is —N + R a R b R c  wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl.  
   
   
       95 . The compound of  claim 70 , wherein the R 8  is —N + R a R b R c  wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl and R c  is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.  
   
   
       96 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective diluent or carrier, and a compound of formula (II):  
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein, 
 R 1  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 2  is hydrogen, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ; provided at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R 3  is absent, oxy, thio, or imino;  
 R 4  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 5  is hydrogen, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ; provided at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R 6  is absent, oxy, thio, or imino;  
 R 7  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 8  is hydrogen, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ; provided at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R a , R b , and R c  are each independently (C 1 -C 24 )alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkly, heterocycle, or heterocylealkyl;  
 any heteroaryl, heterocycle, or R a , R b , or R c  of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , —NR d R e , or cycloalkylalkyl;  
 wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl;  
 wherein any alkyl or alkylene of R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , or R 8  can be optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and is optionally partially unsaturated;  
 or an acceptable salt thereof.  
 
   
   
       97 . A method of killing or inhibiting a bacterium, the method comprising contacting the bacterium with an effective anti-bacterial amount of a compound of formula (II):  
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein, 
 R 1  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 2  is hydrogen, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ; provided at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R 3  is absent, oxy, thio, or imino;  
 R 4  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 5  is hydrogen, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ; provided at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R 6  is absent, oxy, thio, or imino;  
 R 7  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 8  is hydrogen, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ; provided at least one of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R a , R b , and R c  are each independently (C 1 -C 24 )alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkly, heterocycle, or heterocylealkyl;  
 any heteroaryl, heterocycle, or R a , R b , or R c  of R 2 , R 5 , and R 8  can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , —NR d R e , or cycloalkylalkyl;  
 R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl;  
 any alkyl or alkylene of R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , or R 8  can be optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and is optionally partially unsaturated;  
 or an acceptable salt thereof.  
 
   
   
       98 . The method of  claim 97 , wherein the bacterium is antibiotic resistant.  
   
   
       99 . A compound of formula (IV)  
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
 R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are together —O—C(═X)—; wherein X is two hydrogens, oxo, or thioxo (═S);  
 R 5  is absent, oxy, thio, or imino;  
 R 6  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 7  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R a , R b , and R c  are each independently (C 1 -C 24 )alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, or heterocylealkyl;  
 any heteroaryl, heterocycle, or R a , R b , or R c  of R 4  and R 7  can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , —NR d R e , or cycloalkylalkyl;  
 any cycloalkylalkyl can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more hydroxyl, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, —N + R a R b R c , N + -containing heteroarylalkyloxy, N + -containing heterocyclealkyloxy, or —N + R a R b R c oxy;  
 R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl;  
 any alkyl or alkylene of R 3 , R 4 , R 6 , or R 7  can be optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, aryl, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and is optionally partially unsaturated;  
 or an acceptable salt thereof.  
 
   
   
       100 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are together —O—CH 2 —.  
   
   
       101 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein R 5  is oxy.  
   
   
       102 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein R 6  is acetyl.  
   
   
       103 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein R 7  is N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; N-pyridinium; or —N + (CH 3 ) 3 .  
   
   
       104 . The compound of  claim 103 , wherein 
 R 5  is oxy, thio, or imino;    R 6  is alkylene optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and is optionally partially unsaturated; and    R 7  is —N + R a R b R c , wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and optionally partially unsaturated; wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.    
   
   
       105 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein N + -containing heteroaryl is N-pyridinium, N-methyl-2-pyridinium, N-methyl-3-pyridinium, N-methylpyridinium, N-ethyl-2-pyridinium, N-ethyl-3-pyridinium, N-ethyl-4-pyridinium, 3,5-dimethylpyridinium, or 4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium; 
 wherein any heteroaryl can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , —NR d R e , or cycloalkylalkyl;    wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.    
   
   
       106 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein N + -containing heterocycle is N-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; N-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl; N-methyl-N-piperidino; N,N-dimethyl-2-piperidino; N,N-dimethyl-3-piperidino; N,N-dimethyl-4-piperidino; N-methyl-N-morpholino; N,N-dimethyl-2-morpholino; or N,N-dimethyl-3-morpholino; 
 wherein any heterocycle can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , —NR d R e , or cycloalkylalkyl;    wherein R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.    
   
   
       107 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein —N + —R a R b R c  is N′-benzyl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine-N-yl; N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine-N-yl; octyldimethylammonium; tetradecyldimethylammonium; trimethylammonium; triethylammonium, or tri(hydroxymethyl)ammonium.  
   
   
       108 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein R 6  is alkylene optionally substituted with one or more oxo  
   
   
       109 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein R 7  is —N + —R a R b R c  wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and optionally partially unsaturated.  
   
   
       110 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein R 7  is —N + —R a R b R c  wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl.  
   
   
       111 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein R 7  is —N + —R a R b R c , wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl and R a  is (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl.  
   
   
       112 . The compound of  claim 99 , wherein R 7  is —N + —R a R b R c  wherein R a  and R b  are each (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl and R c  is (C 6 -C 24 )alkyl.  
   
   
       113 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective diluent or carrier, and a compound of formula (IV)  
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
 R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are together O—C(═X); wherein X is two hydrogens, oxo, or thioxo (═S);  
 R 5  is absent, oxy, thio, or imino;  
 R 6  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 7  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R a , R b , and R c  are each independently (C 1 -C 24 )alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, or heterocylealkyl;  
 any heteroaryl, heterocycle, or R a , R b , or R c  of R 4  and R 7  can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , —NR d R e , or cycloalkylalkyl;  
 any cycloalkylalkyl can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more hydroxyl, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, —N + R a R b R c , N + -containing heteroarylalkyloxy, N + -containing heterocyclealkyloxy, or —N + R a R b R c oxy;  
 R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl;  
 any alkyl or alkylene of R 3 , R 4 , R 6 , or R 7  can be optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, aryl, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and is optionally partially unsaturated;  
 or an acceptable salt thereof.  
 
   
   
       114 . A method of killing or inhibiting a bacterium, the method comprising contacting the bacterium with an effective anti-bacterial amount of a compound of formula (IV)  
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
 R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are together O—C(═X); wherein X is two hydrogens, oxo, or thioxo (═S);  
 R 5  is absent, oxy, thio, or imino;  
 R 6  is absent or alkylene;  
 R 7  is N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, or —N + R a R b R c ;  
 R a , R b , and R c  are each independently (C 1 -C 24 )alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, or heterocylealkyl;  
 any heteroaryl, heterocycle, or R a , R b , or R c  of R 4  and R 7  can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, oxo, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , —NR d R e , or cycloalkylalkyl;  
 any cycloalkylalkyl can optionally be substituted on carbon with one or more hydroxyl, N + -containing heteroaryl, N + -containing heterocycle, —N + R a R b R c , N + -containing heteroarylalkyloxy, N + -containing heterocyclealkyloxy, or —N + R a R b R c oxy;  
 R d  and R e  are each independently hydrogen or alkyl;  
 any alkyl or alkylene of R 3 , R 4 , R 6 , or R 7  can be optionally substituted on carbon with one or more oxo, hydroxy, halo, aryl, nitro, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, —COOR d , or —NR d R e , and optionally interrupted on carbon with one or more oxy, imino, or thio, and is optionally partially unsaturated;  
 or an acceptable salt thereof.  
 
   
   
       115 . The method of  claim 114 , wherein the bacterium is antibiotic resistant.

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