Metallic glasses with crystalline dispersions formed by electric currents

Abstract

Metallic glasses of superior mechanical and magnetic properties are manufactured by annealing the glasses under the influence of an electric current to convert the glass to a composite that includes crystallites, preferably nanocrystallites, dispersed through an amorphous matrix.

1 . A composite metallic material comprising a matrix of metallic glass with metallic crystallites dispersed therein, said material formed by a process comprising annealing a glass of an alloy composition while passing an electric current through said glass for a sufficient period of time to cause the formation of crystallite inclusions in said glass.  
   
   
       2 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said crystallites are about 50 microns or less in diameter.  
   
   
       3 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said crystallites are about 1 micron to about 30 microns in diameter.  
   
   
       4 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said crystallites are about 100 nanometers or less in diameter.  
   
   
       5 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said crystallites are about 2 nanometers to about 100 nanometers in diameter.  
   
   
       6 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said electric current is a DC current.  
   
   
       7 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition has a glass transition temperature and a crystallization temperature that exceeds said glass transition temperature by at least about 30 degrees Celsius at a heating rate of 10° C./min.  
   
   
       8 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition has a glass transition temperature and a crystallization temperature that exceeds said glass transition temperature by at least about 50 degrees Celsius at a heating rate of 10° C./min.  
   
   
       9 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition is one that will form a glass upon cooling from a melt at a cooling rate of less than about 1,000 degrees Celsius per second.  
   
   
       10 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition is one that will form a glass upon cooling from a melt at a cooling rate of less than about 500 degrees Celsius per second.  
   
   
       11 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition is one that will form a glass upon cooling from a melt at a cooling rate within the range of about 0.1 degree Celsius per second to about 100 degrees Celsius per second.  
   
   
       12 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition is one having a glass transition temperature within the range of about 250° C. to about 600° C., determined at a heating rate of 10 degrees Celsius per minute.  
   
   
       13 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition is one having a glass transition temperature within the range of about 300° C. to about 500° C., determined at a heating rate of 10 degrees Celsius per minute.  
   
   
       14 . The composite metallic material of  claim 12  in which said annealing is performed at a temperature that is within about 25 degrees Celsius of said glass transition temperature.  
   
   
       15 . The composite metallic material of  claim 12  in which said annealing is performed at a temperature that is within about 10 degrees Celsius of said glass transition temperature.  
   
   
       16 . The composite metallic material of  claim 6  comprising passing said DC current through said glass at a current density of at least about 100 A/cm 2  for at least about 30 minutes.  
   
   
       17 . The composite metallic material of  claim 6  comprising passing said DC current through said glass at a current density of at least about 300 A/cm 2  for at least about one hour.  
   
   
       18 . The composite metallic material of  claim 6  comprising passing said DC current through said glass at a current density of about 300 A/cm 2  to about 5,000 A/cm 2  for a period of time of about one hour to about eight hours.  
   
   
       19 . The composite metallic material of  claim 6  comprising passing said DC current through said glass at a current density of about 500 A/cm 2  to about 2,500 A/cm 2  for a period of time of about two hours to about six hours.  
   
   
       20 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition comprises a member selected from the group consisting of zirconium, titanium, and a combination of zirconium and titanium as a primary constituent.  
   
   
       21 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition comprises (i) a primary constituent selected from the group consisting of palladium, iron, cobalt, manganese, ruthenium, and silver, and (ii) a secondary constituent selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, and phosphorus.  
   
   
       22 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition comprises (i) zirconium, (ii) titanium, niobium, or a combination of titanium and niobium, (iii) a transition metal, and (iv) beryllium.  
   
   
       23 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition comprises titanium, copper, zirconium, and nickel.  
   
   
       24 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition comprises (i) zirconium, (ii) titanium, niobium, or a combination of titanium and niobium, (iii) copper, (iv) nickel, and (v) aluminum.  
   
   
       25 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition comprises palladium, copper, nickel, and phosphorus.  
   
   
       26 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition comprises iron, silicon, boron, niobium, and copper.  
   
   
       27 . The composite metallic material of  claim 1  in which said alloy composition comprises a transition metal, phosphorus, and boron.