Electron beam curing in a composite having a flow resistant adhesive layer

Abstract

A composite having two structural layers of (independently) metal, polymer, or ceramic is connected with a polymeric adhesive layer positioned in solid form between the two layers. The adhesive layer is inter-bonded after positioning with at least one structural layer by a bi-modal molecule derived from treating the solid adhesive and other layers with radiation (preferably, electron beam radiation). Items such as a dynamic and static seals, gaskets, pump diaphragms, hoses, and o-rings all benefit from the technique.

1 . A composite comprising: 
 (a) a first layer of structural material selected from the group consisting of metal, polymer, and ceramic;    (b) a second layer of structural material selected from the group consisting of metal, polymer, and ceramic; and    (c) an adhesive layer comprising a polymer, positioned between said first layer and said second layer; 
 wherein said adhesive layer is inter-bonded to said structural material of at least one of said first layer and said second layer with at least one inter-bonding molecule corresponding to the formula  
   AD  
 wherein A is a polymeric carbon chain moiety derived from said polymer of said adhesive layer, D is a metallic element derived from said metal of said inter-bonded structural material layer when said inter-bonded structural material layer comprises metal, D is a ceramic moiety derived from said ceramic of said inter-bonded structural material layer when said inter-bonded structural material layer comprises ceramic, and D is a polymeric moiety derived from said polymer of said inter-bonded structural material layer when said inter-bonded structural material layer comprises polymer; and  
 wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer has a first value respective to a measurement of a characteristic performance property, said first value in excess of a second value respective to a measurement of said characteristic performance property of said structural material of said inter-bonded structural material layer, wherein said characteristic performance property is selected from the group consisting of tensile strength, elongation, modulus, and chemical resistance.  
   
   
   
       2 . A composite according to  claim 1  wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer is selected from the group consisting of fluoroelastomer, thermoplastic, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic vulcanizate, thermoset plastic, polytetrafluoroethylene, and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       3 . A composite according to  claim 1  wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid ester rubber/polyacrylate rubber thermoplastic vulcanizate acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, amorphous nylon, cellulosic plastic, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, epoxy resin, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene acrylic rubber, ethylene acrylic rubber thermoplastic vulcanizate, ethylene-propylene-diamine monomer rubber/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizate, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene, fluoroelastomer, fluoroelastomer thermoplastic vulcanizate, fluoroplastic, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, melamine-formaldehyde resin, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoromethylvinyl ether, natural rubber, nitrile butyl rubber, nylon, nylon 6, nylon 610, nylon 612, nylon 63, nylon 64, nylon 66, perfluoroalkoxy (tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoromethylvinyl ether), phenolic resin, polyacetal, polyacrylate, polyamide, polyamide thermoplastic, thermoplastic elastomer, polyamide-imide, polybutene, polybutylene, polycarbonate, polyester, polyester thermoset plastic, polyesteretherketone, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polymethylmethacrylate, polyolefin, polyphenylene sulfide, polypropylene, polystyrene, polysulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyurethane elastomer, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene propylene dimethyl/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizate, silicone, silicone-thermoplastic vulcanizate, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane vulcanizate, thermoplastic silicone vulcanizate, thermoplastic urethane, thermoplastic urethane elastomer, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/vinylidene fluoride, polyamide-imide, and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       4 . A composite according to  claim 1  wherein a curing agent is admixed into said polymer of said adhesive layer.  
   
   
       5 . A composite according to  claim 1  wherein said polymer of said inter-bonded layer is halogenated plastic and said adhesive layer corresponds to the formula  
       [-TFE q -HFP r —VdF s —] d    wherein TFE is essentially a tetrafluoroethyl block, HFP is essentially a hexfluoropropyl block, and VdF is essentially a vinylidyl fluoride block, and products qd and rd and sd collectively provide proportions of TFE, HFP, and VdF whose values are within element  101  of  FIG. 1 .    
   
   
       6 . A composite comprising: 
 (a) a first layer of structural material selected from the group consisting of metal polymer, and ceramic;    (b) a second layer of structural material selected from the group consisting of metal, polymer, and ceramic; and    (c) an adhesive layer comprising a polymer, positioned between said first layer and said second layer; 
 wherein said adhesive layer is bonded to said structural material of said first layer with at least one first inter-bonding molecule corresponding to the formula  
   AD  
 wherein A is a polymeric carbon chain moiety derived from said polymer of said adhesive layer, D is a metallic element derived from said metal of said first layer when said first layer comprises metal, D is a ceramic moiety from a free radical ceramic derivative of said ceramic of said first layer when said first layer comprises ceramic, and D is a polymeric moiety from a free radical polymeric derivative of said polymer of said first layer when said first layer comprises polymer;  
 wherein said adhesive layer is bonded to said structural material of said second layer with at least one second inter-bonding molecule corresponding to the formula  
   AE  
 wherein A is a polymeric carbon chain moiety derived from said polymer of said adhesive layer, E is a metallic element derived from said metal of said second layer when said second layer comprises metal, E is a ceramic moiety from a free radical ceramic derivative of said ceramic of said second layer when said second layer comprises ceramic, and E is a polymeric carbon chain moiety from a free radical polymeric derivative of said polymer of said second layer when said second layer comprises polymer; and  
 wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer has a first value respective to a measurement of a characteristic performance property, said first value in excess of a second value respective to a measurement of said characteristic performance property of said structural material of said first layer, and said first value in excess of a third value respective to a measurement of said characteristic performance property of said structural material of said second layer, wherein said characteristic performance property is selected from the group consisting of tensile strength, elongation, modulus, and chemical resistance.  
   
   
   
       7 . A composite according to  claim 6  wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer is selected from the group consisting of fluoroelastomer, thermoplastic, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic vulcanizate, thermoset plastic, polytetrafluoroethylene, and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       8 . A composite according to  claim 6  wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid ester rubber/polyacrylate rubber thermoplastic vulcanizate acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, amorphous nylon, cellulosic plastic, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, epoxy resin, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene acrylic rubber, ethylene acrylic rubber thermoplastic vulcanizate, ethylene-propylene-diamine monomer rubber/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizate, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene, fluoroelastomer, fluoroelastomer thermoplastic vulcanizate, fluoroplastic, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, melamine-formaldehyde resin, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoromethylvinyl ether, natural rubber, nitrile butyl rubber, nylon, nylon 6, nylon 610, nylon 612, nylon 63, nylon 64, nylon 66, perfluoroalkoxy (tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoromethylvinyl ether), phenolic resin, polyacetal, polyacrylate, polyamide, polyamide thermoplastic, thermoplastic elastomer, polyamide-imide, polybutene, polybutylene, polycarbonate, polyester, polyester thermoset plastic, polyesteretherketone, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polymethylmethacrylate, polyolefin, polyphenylene sulfide, polypropylene, polystyrene, polysulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyurethane elastomer, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene propylene dimethyl/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizate, silicone, silicone-thermoplastic vulcanizate, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane vulcanizate, thermoplastic silicone vulcanizate, thermoplastic urethane, thermoplastic urethane elastomer, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/vinylidene fluoride, polyamide-imide, and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       9 . A composite according to  claim 6  wherein a curing agent is admixed into said polymer of said adhesive layer.  
   
   
       10 . A composite according to  claim 6  wherein said polymer of any of said first layer and said second layer is halogenated plastic and said adhesive layer corresponds to the formula  
       [-TFE q -HFP r —VdF s —] d    wherein TFE is essentially a tetrafluoroethyl block, HFP is essentially a hexfluoropropyl block, and VdF is essentially a vinylidyl fluoride block, and products qd and rd and sd collectively provide proportions of TFE, HFP, and VdF whose values are within element  101  of  FIG. 1 .    
   
   
       11 . A sealant article, comprising: 
 (a) a first layer of structural material selected from the group consisting of metal polymer, and ceramic;    (b) a second layer of structural material selected from the group consisting of metal, polymer, and ceramic; and    (c) an adhesive layer positioned between said first layer and said second layer, said adhesive layer of polymer; 
 wherein said adhesive layer is inter-bonded to said structural material of at least one of said first layer and said second layer with at least one inter-bonding molecule corresponding to the formula  
   AD  
 wherein A is a polymeric carbon chain moiety derived from said polymer of said adhesive layer, D is a metallic element derived from said metal of said inter-bonded structural material layer when said inter-bonded structural material layer comprises metal, D is a ceramic moiety from a free radical ceramic derivative of said ceramic of said inter-bonded structural material layer when said inter-bonded structural material layer comprises ceramic, and D is a polymeric moiety from a free radical polymeric derivative of said polymer of said inter-bonded structural material layer when said inter-bonded structural material layer comprises polymer;  
 wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer has a first value respective to a measurement of a characteristic performance property, said first value in excess of a second value respective to a measurement of said characteristic performance property of said structural material of said inter-bonded structural material layer, wherein said characteristic performance property is selected from the group consisting of tensile strength, elongation, modulus, and chemical resistance; and  
 wherein said sealant article is selected from the group consisting of a dynamic seal, a static seal, a gasket, a pump diaphragm, a hose, and an o-ring.  
   
   
   
       12 . A sealant article according to  claim 11  wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer is selected from the group consisting of fluoroelastomer, thermoplastic, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic vulcanizate, thermoset plastic, polytetrafluoroethylene, and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       13 . A sealant article according to  claim 11  wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid ester rubber/polyacrylate rubber thermoplastic vulcanizate acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, amorphous nylon, cellulosic plastic, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, epoxy resin, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene acrylic rubber, ethylene acrylic rubber thermoplastic vulcanizate, ethylene-propylene-diamine monomer rubber/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizate, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene, fluoroelastomer, fluoroelastomer thermoplastic vulcanizate, fluoroplastic, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, melamine-formaldehyde resin, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoromethylvinyl ether, natural rubber, nitrile butyl rubber, nylon, nylon 6, nylon 610, nylon 612, nylon 63, nylon 64, nylon 66, perfluoroalkoxy (tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoromethylvinyl ether), phenolic resin, polyacetal, polyacrylate, polyamide, polyamide thermoplastic, thermoplastic elastomer, polyamide-imide, polybutene, polybutylene, polycarbonate, polyester, polyester thermoset plastic, polyesteretherketone, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polymethylmethacrylate, polyolefin, polyphenylene sulfide, polypropylene, polystyrene, polysulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyurethane elastomer, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene propylene dimethyl/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizate, silicone, silicone-thermoplastic vulcanizate, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane vulcanizate, thermoplastic silicone vulcanizate, thermoplastic urethane, thermoplastic urethane elastomer, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/vinylidene fluoride, polyamide-imide, and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       14 . A sealant article according to  claim 11  wherein a curing agent is admixed into said polymer of said adhesive layer.  
   
   
       15 . A sealant article according to  claim 11  wherein said polymer of said inter-bonded layer is halogenated plastic and said adhesive layer corresponds to the formula  
       [-TFE q -HFP r —VdF s —] d    wherein TFE is essentially a tetrafluoroethyl block, HFP is essentially a hexfluoropropyl block, and VdF is essentially a vinylidyl fluoride block, and products qd and rd and sd collectively provide proportions of TFE, HFP, and VdF whose values are within element  101  of  FIG. 1 .    
   
   
       16 . A sealant article comprising: 
 (a) a first layer of structural material selected from the group consisting of metal polymer, and ceramic;    (b) a second layer of structural material selected from the group consisting of metal, polymer, and ceramic; and    (c) an adhesive layer positioned between said first layer and said second layer, said adhesive layer of polymer; 
 wherein said adhesive layer is bonded to said structural material of said first layer with at least one first inter-bonding molecule corresponding to the formula  
   AD  
 wherein A is a polymeric carbon chain moiety derived from said polymer of said adhesive layer, D is a metallic element derived from said metal of said first layer when said first layer comprises metal, D is a ceramic moiety from a free radical ceramic derivative of said ceramic of said first layer when said first layer comprises ceramic, and D is a polymeric moiety from a free radical polymeric derivative of said polymer of said first layer when said first layer comprises polymer;  
 wherein said adhesive layer is bonded to said structural material of said second layer with at least one second inter-bonding molecule corresponding to the formula  
   AE  
 wherein A is a polymeric carbon chain moiety derived from said polymer of said adhesive layer, E is a metallic element derived from said metal of said second layer when said second layer comprises metal, E is a ceramic moiety from a free radical ceramic derivative of said ceramic of said second layer when said second layer comprises ceramic, and E is a polymeric carbon chain moiety from a free radical polymeric derivative of said polymer of said second layer when said second layer comprises polymer;  
 wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer has a first value respective to a measurement of a characteristic performance property, said first value in excess of a second value respective to a measurement of said characteristic performance property of said structural material of said first layer, and said first value in excess of a third value respective to a measurement of said characteristic performance property of said structural material of said second layer, wherein said characteristic performance property is selected from the group consisting of tensile strength, elongation, modulus, and chemical resistance; and  
 wherein said sealant article is selected from the group consisting of a dynamic seal, a static seal, a gasket, a pump diaphragm, a hose, and an o-ring.  
   
   
   
       17 . A sealant article according to  claim 16  wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer is selected from the group consisting of fluoroelastomer, thermoplastic, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic vulcanizate, thermoset plastic, polytetrafluoroethylene, and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       18 . A sealant article according to  claim 16  wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid ester rubber/polyacrylate rubber thermoplastic vulcanizate acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, amorphous nylon, cellulosic plastic, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, epoxy resin, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene acrylic rubber, ethylene acrylic rubber thermoplastic vulcanizate, ethylene-propylene-diamine monomer rubber/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizate, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene, fluoroelastomer, fluoroelastomer thermoplastic vulcanizate, fluoroplastic, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, melamine-formaldehyde resin, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoromethylvinyl ether, natural rubber, nitrile butyl rubber, nylon, nylon 6, nylon 610, nylon 612, nylon 63, nylon 64, nylon 66, perfluoroalkoxy (tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoromethylvinyl ether), phenolic resin, polyacetal, polyacrylate, polyamide, polyamide thermoplastic, thermoplastic elastomer, polyamide-imide, polybutene, polybutylene, polycarbonate, polyester, polyester thermoset plastic, polyesteretherketone, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polymethylmethacrylate, polyolefin, polyphenylene sulfide, polypropylene, polystyrene, polysulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyurethane elastomer, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene propylene dimethyl/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizate, silicone, silicone-thermoplastic vulcanizate, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane vulcanizate, thermoplastic silicone vulcanizate, thermoplastic urethane, thermoplastic urethane elastomer, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/vinylidene fluoride, polyamide-imide, and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       19 . A sealant article according to  claim 16  wherein a curing agent is admixed into said polymer of said adhesive layer.  
   
   
       20 . A sealant article according to  claim 16  wherein said polymer of any of said first layer and said second layer is halogenated plastic and said adhesive layer corresponds to the formula  
       [-TFE q -HFP r —VdF s —] d    wherein TFE is essentially a tetrafluoroethyl block, HFP is essentially a hexfluoropropyl block, and VdF is essentially a vinylidyl fluoride block, and products qd and rd and sd collectively provide proportions of TFE, HFP, and VdF whose values are within element  101  of  FIG. 1 .    
   
   
       21 . A sealant article made by a process, comprising: 
 (a) providing a first layer of structural material selected from the group consisting of metal, polymer, and ceramic;    (b) positioning a solid adhesive layer onto said first layer, said adhesive layer comprising polymer;    (c) positioning a second layer of structural material onto said adhesive layer, said structural material of said second layer selected from the group consisting of metal, polymer, and ceramic; and    (d) irradiating said first layer, said second layer, and said adhesive layer with electron beam radiation sufficient to inter-bond said first layer to said adhesive layer and to inter-bond said second layer to said adhesive layer;    wherein said sealant article is selected from the group consisting of a dynamic seal, a static seal, a gasket, a pump diaphragm, a hose, and an o-ring.    
   
   
       22 . A sealant article according to  claim 21  wherein said irradiating is achieved by irradiating said first, second, and adhesive layers with electron beam radiation of from about 0.1 MeRAD to about 40 MeRAD.  
   
   
       23 . A sealant article according to  claim 21  wherein said irradiating is achieved by irradiating said first, second, and adhesive layers with electron beam radiation from about 5 MeRAD to about 20 MeRAD.  
   
   
       24 . A sealant article according to  claim 21  wherein said irradiating bonds said adhesive layer to said structural material of said first layer with at least one first inter-bonding molecule corresponding to the formula  
       AD  wherein A is derived from said polymer of said adhesive layer, D is derived from said metal of said first layer when said first layer comprises metal, D is from a free radical ceramic derivative of said ceramic of said first layer when said first layer comprises ceramic, and D is from a free radical polymeric derivative of said polymer of said first layer when said first layer comprises polymer;    wherein said adhesive layer is bonded to said structural material of said second layer with at least one second inter-bonding molecule corresponding to the formula      AE    wherein A is derived from said polymer of said adhesive layer, E is a metallic element derived from said metal of said second layer when said second layer comprises metal, E is from a free radical ceramic derivative of said ceramic of said second layer when said second layer comprises ceramic, and E is from a free radical polymeric derivative of said polymer of said second layer when said second layer comprises polymer; and    wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer has a first value respective to a measurement of a characteristic performance property, said first value in excess of a second value respective to a measurement of said characteristic performance property of said structural material of said first layer, and said first value in excess of a third value respective to a measurement of said characteristic performance property of said structural material of said second layer, wherein said characteristic performance property is selected from the group consisting of tensile strength, elongation, modulus, and chemical resistance.    
   
   
       25 . A sealant article according to  claim 21  wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer is selected from the group consisting of fluoroelastomer, thermoplastic, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic vulcanizate, thermoset plastic, polytetrafluoroethylene, and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       26 . A sealant article according to  claim 21  wherein said polymer of said adhesive layer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid ester rubber/polyacrylate rubber thermoplastic vulcanizate acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, amorphous nylon, cellulosic plastic, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, epoxy resin, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene acrylic rubber, ethylene acrylic rubber thermoplastic vulcanizate, ethylene-propylene-diamine monomer rubber/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizate, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene, fluoroelastomer, fluoroelastomer thermoplastic vulcanizate, fluoroplastic, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, melamine-formaldehyde resin, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoromethylvinyl ether, natural rubber, nitrile butyl rubber, nylon, nylon 6, nylon 610, nylon 612, nylon 63, nylon 64, nylon 66, perfluoroalkoxy (tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoromethylvinyl ether), phenolic resin, polyacetal, polyacrylate, polyamide, polyamide thermoplastic, thermoplastic elastomer, polyamide-imide, polybutene, polybutylene, polycarbonate, polyester, polyester thermoset plastic, polyesteretherketone, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polymethylmethacrylate, polyolefin, polyphenylene sulfide, polypropylene, polystyrene, polysulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyurethane elastomer, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene propylene dimethyl/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizate, silicone, silicone-thermoplastic vulcanizate, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane vulcanizate, thermoplastic silicone vulcanizate, thermoplastic urethane, thermoplastic urethane elastomer, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/vinylidene fluoride, polyamide-imide, and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       27 . A sealant article according to  claim 21  wherein a curing agent is admixed into said polymer of said adhesive layer.  
   
   
       28 . A sealant article according to  claim 21  wherein said polymer of any of said first layer and said second layer is halogenated plastic and said adhesive layer corresponds to the formula  
       [-TFE q -HFP r —VdF s —] d    wherein TFE is essentially a tetrafluoroethyl block, HFP is essentially a hexfluoropropyl block, and VdF is essentially a vinylidyl fluoride block, and products qd and rd and sd collectively provide proportions of TFE, HFP, and VdF whose values are within element  101  of  FIG. 1 .    
   
   
       29 . A sealant article according to  claim 21  wherein said irradiating occurs within a cavity of a mold, said cavity at least partially defined by at least one surface in a housing of said mold, said housing enabling transmission of an electron beam from an outside surface of said housing through said surface of said cavity and thereby to said sealant article.  
   
   
       30 . A sealant article according to  claim 21  wherein said positioning of said second layer further comprising compressing said first layer and said second layer against said adhesive layer.  
   
   
       31 . A sealant article according to  claim 24  further comprising confirming the existence of said inter-bonding molecule by use of any of X-ray Diffraction, Fourier transform infrared analysis, gel permeation chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance.