Refinement to the construction systems for structures in reinforced concrete or some other material of high-precision intergral modular forms

Abstract

Improvements to systems for building structures of reinforced concrete or other materials using high precision modular, integral coffering of the type of systems that use standardized panels preparing integral cofferings in which the reinforcements and various installations are placed, building the coffering on a foundation slab with the help of a layout template, in which the foundation slab is built using a mould based on modular pieces whose faces form a straight dihedral and squares for the corners the pieces of which are fixed with centering clips with angular reinforcements to fix stabilizers and anchorings, these pieces to having lugs for centering the layout template. Wall templates are also used to lay out the partitions and walls, with all their installations, and new means and panels for specific building solutions.

1 . Improvements to systems for building structures of reinforced concrete or other materials using high precision modular, integral coffering that uses panels with standardized forms and dimensions and within tolerance margins of less than one millimeter and high quality surface finish, preparing integral building cofferings in which, as well as the reinforcements, the various installations are placed, these panels including perimeter studs with oblong holes for joining together using self centering clips as well as holes in their mid part or notches in their sides for generating holes when installed, these holes aligning with those of the facing panels to allow the insertion of spacer straps or conical spacers with a blocking stop that help to maintain the separating distance, and which may also include portions of insulation that will be built into the finished wall, there being also spatial panels, including some with a wedge and counter wedge that facilitate the start of the removal of the coffering, others in squares to form the corners of the coffering and also implementing auxiliary means for installing and removing the coffering, the coffering being installed on a previously built foundation slab with the use of the layout template equally used before the concreting of this foundation slab for laying out the installations to be embedded in or under it such as catch pits and sanitary conduits; wherein the foundations slab ( 24 ) is built with the use of coffering based on modular pieces ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) the faces of which form a straight dihedral and in a square for the corners, fixed together using self-centering clips ( 9 ) that pass through oblong holes ( 8 ) in some side bars ( 7 ) and with angular reinforcements ( 6 ) to which stabilizers ( 2 ) and anchorings ( 11 ) are fixed while the pieces ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) have protruding upper self-centering lugs ( 5 ) for the layout template ( 12 ).  
   
   
       2 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein the layout template ( 12 ) may be made of various separated bodies reinforced by straps wherein these bodies are joined using self-centering clips ( 9 ), with the template also incorporating centerers for marking the exits of pipes, drains and the like.  
   
   
       3 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein modular panels of suitable height are used to prepare stepped foundation slabs, directly supported on the ground and held using double squares ( 27   a ) and self-centering clips ( 9 ) these double squares in turn being supported by height-adjustable stabilizers ( 2 ). Upper alignment beams ( 27 ) may be used, fixed on corbels ( 26 ) which can be fixed in the oblong holes in the double squares, or lower ones fixed by stops ( 30 ).  
   
   
       4 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein the improvements include the use of a walls template ( 31 ) that aligns walls and partitions and that contains all the elements such as doors and windows and has the necessary centers for electrical boxes, pipe outlets and drains, as well as profiles indicating steps for interior stairs and other elements. This walls template is fixed by adjusting it against U-shaped stop bars ( 25 ) on the foundation slab.  
   
   
       5 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein the walls template ( 31 ) is preferably based on various bodies joined together by self-centering clips ( 9 ) and safety connectors ( 35 ), these bodies being formed on the basis of square cross-section tubes with transverse drillings ( 32 ) aligned with the holes in the panels to allow the spacers or conical spacers ( 51 ) or ( 146 ) to pass.  
   
   
       6 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein reinforcements ( 20 ) are placed on the walls template ( 31 ) and portions of insulation ( 36 ) if relevant, such that these reinforcement rods do not align with the drillings ( 32 ) in the template and with holes being made in the insulation in the positions of these drillings to facilitate the passing of the spacers ( 51 ) and ( 146 ).  
   
   
       7 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , where the spacers have a slightly tapered stem ( 53 ), a double tapered head ( 55 ) end with neck for the blocking clip ( 52 ) and a ring on the opposite end, wherein these spacers have a double end handle ( 54 ) instead of the ring.  
   
   
       8 . Improvements according to  claim 7 , wherein a variation of the spacer replaces the double tapered point with a threaded point ( 57 ) which, in co-operation with a threaded washer ( 61 ), allows the distance between panels to be adjusted exactly.  
   
   
       9 . Improvements according to  claim 7 , wherein a variation of the spacer ( 146 ) for adjacent double walls comprises a first tapered section ( 52 ) next to the end ring ( 147 ) and a second cylindrical section ( 148 ) next to the double tapered head ( 55 ), the stem being of sufficient length to span the thickness of the double wall.  
   
   
       10 . Improvements according to  claim 9 , wherein a variation of the spacer for adjacent double walls ( 146 ) replaces the double tapered point with a threaded point ( 57 ) with a threaded washer ( 61 ) to allow the panel to be adjusted exactly.  
   
   
       11 . Improvements according to  claim 6 , wherein the fixing of the reinforcements ( 20 ) to the walls template ( 31 ) is consolidated by means of reinforcements ( 37 ).  
   
   
       12 . Improvements according to  claim 6 , wherein in outside walls there are multiple reinforcements ( 20 ) in the coffering fixed by the reinforcements ( 37 ) and separation/fixing bars ( 38 ) which are bent to remain embedded in the concrete and that work as a structural element, with the insulation ( 36 ) centered between the reinforcements ( 20 ).  
   
   
       13 . Improvements according to  claim 12 , wherein the bars ( 38 ) have an angular cross-section and slots, forming a comb-like configuration to hold the reinforcements ( 20 ).  
   
   
       14 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , where the panels include perimeter studs ( 48 ) with oblong holes ( 8 ) wherein the studs also have round holes ( 29 ).  
   
   
       15 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , where the panels include notches ( 41 ) in their sides to form holes for the passing of the spacers, wherein the panels may also include notches ( 42 ) in the form of a quarter circle at the corners for the same purpose.  
   
   
       16 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , including a centering hook ( 62 ) formed by a rod with a flat end ( 63 ) with slots ( 64 ), the other end being rounded and finishing in a point ( 65 ) for leveling contiguous panels.  
   
   
       17 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , including a multi-use lever ( 66 ) with two ends, one of which has a cylindrical side pivot ( 67 ), a small support step ( 68 ), a slot ( 69 ) with sloping inside walls and rounded rear stops ( 70 ), while the other end consists of an extension with a straight slot ( 69 ) with two rear pivots ( 71 ) and a rear heel ( 72 ) near to these, also for centering and leveling contiguous panels and to facilitate the placing of the conical spacers, the placing and removal of the self-centering clips and to facilitate the removal of the coffering.  
   
   
       18 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , including a lever ( 73 ) for moulds consisting of a bar with a wedge ( 74 ) at one end with a central slot ( 69 ) and another equivalent inverted wedge ( 74 ) at the other end with two protruding cylindrical side pivots ( 75 ) for lifting panels in contact with the foundation slab and other uses.  
   
   
       19 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , including a lift truck ( 76 ) with front wheels ( 77 ) and rear support legs ( 78 ) with rear handles ( 79 ) for moving it. It has a swinging support ( 80 ) in the form of a lattice frame for fixing the panels ( 28 ) in hooks ( 81 ). The support ( 80 ) is installed on a telescopic mast consisting in a fixed body ( 84 ) and two telescopic sections ( 83 ) using a pulley system ( 82 ) operated by a handle. The truck's structure includes steps ( 86 ) and landings ( 87 ) for placing and removing coffering at heights.  
   
   
       20 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , including a support ( 88 ) for a crane equipped with a double crosspiece panels hook ( 89 ) for their bars, each crosspiece hook ( 89 ) consisting of two equal U-shaped plates joined together by one part and leaving the ends of the U separated to form a double slot ( 90 ) to insert the panels' bars perpendicularly, fixed by safety studs ( 10 ).  
   
   
       21 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , including a spacer mechanism ( 91 ) for doors or other spaces to maintain the distance between coffering panels in this type of span, resisting the pressure caused by the weight of the concrete, this mechanism consisting of a central shaft ( 92 ) with adjustment stops ( 93 ), a telescopic body ( 83   a ) and a fixed one ( 84   a ) that allow the adjustable extension of fixing end plates ( 94 ) with oblong holes ( 8 ) that are fixed to the panels that enclose these spans using self-centering clips ( 9 ).  
   
   
       22 . Improvements according to  claim 1  that include props for fixing panels using girders ( 27   b ) in coffering panels for ceilings and overhangs, wherein these props consist of three tubular sections, the upper and lower ones fixed ( 100 ) and straight, connected by a counter-threaded handle ( 101 ) to adjust the extension, and another extensible telescopic section ( 99 ) using a safety stud ( 10 ) with respect to the upper fixed section, the lower tubular section ( 100 ) having a double crosspiece ( 103 ) for its side fixing to the bars ( 7 ) of the panels without a lower support.  
   
   
       23 . Improvements according to  claim 1  that include props for fixing panels using beams ( 27 ) of coffering panels for ceilings and overhangs wherein said props consist of two fixed tubular sections ( 100 ), the upper one being straight and the lower one being angular, with a reinforcement ( 104 ), the two being connected by a counter-threaded handle ( 101 ) for adjusting their length, the lower tubular section ( 100 ) having a double crosspiece ( 103 ) for its lateral fixing to the bars ( 7 ) of the panels without lower support.  
   
   
       24 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein the improvements include special ladders ( 117 ) for placing on other ladders, the rear legs of which are telescopic, based on fixed ( 84   b ) and telescopic ( 83   b ) sections that can be locked together by safety studs ( 10 ).  
   
   
       25 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein the improvement include special panels for moulding blind boxes, consisting of two contiguous halves ( 106 ) and ( 107 ) with the protuberance ( 105 ) for moulding the box and having studs with holes ( 8 ) and ( 29 ) for fixing it, the sides of both halves being sloping and matching to facilitate removal from the mould.  
   
   
       26 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein the improvement include a special type of panel consisting of a rectangular lid ( 108 ) provided with a longitudinal central rib ( 109 ) for moulding a blind guide with the relevant fixing holes ( 8 ) and ( 29 ) and a lower step ( 110 ) to match the window sill panel or lid ( 111 ), which in turn comprises a rectangular bent plate with fixing holes ( 8 ) and ( 29 ) forming a step ( 112 ) and suitably sloped to allow water to run off.  
   
   
       27 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein the panels forming the coffering of a staircase are joined with fixing clips ( 9 ) and squares ( 114 ) and reinforcement.  
   
   
       28 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein the improvement include an element for the overlap of contiguous walls, consisting of lids ( 118 ) that form spaces between them for the passage of the reinforcements ( 20 ) and which are fixed together by reinforcement squares ( 119 ) and by means of these to the panels forming the wall using self-centering clips ( 9 ), all to allow the reinforcements to be shared with the next wall, the element for the overlapping of the outside walls including three lids ( 118 ) with two spaces for the passage of two reinforcements, and the overlap element for interior walls having two lids ( 118 ) with a space for the passage of the single reinforcement for these walls.  
   
   
       29 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein for the longitudinal overlap of a perimeter wall contiguous to one already built ( 145 ) the improvements comprise using lengthened U cross-section pieces ( 152 ) with oblong holes drilled in their bases, having a spacer stop ( 153 ) in one of its ends of equal length as the width of the panels' perimeter studs to support them without free play, the pieces ( 152 ) being complemented with threaded straps ( 150 ) that pass through the oblong holes and through the holes in the finished wall generated by the spacers and fixed by the relevant threaded washer ( 61 ).  
   
   
       30 . Improvements according to claims  9  or  10 , wherein the coffering for building a wall adjacent to one already built with the help of the relevant spacers comprises the inserting of its cylindrical section ( 148 ) in any of the holes in the finished wall, the tapered section ( 52 ) remaining in the area to be concreted to facilitate its removal and helping to maintain the internal space of the relevant coffering panel.  
   
   
       31 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein the improvement include the installation of alignment beams ( 27 ) for the mould's panels using corbels; the beams also allowing the handling of the panels assembly.  
   
   
       32 . Improvements according to  claim 1  that include safety walkways ( 116 ) for working at heights, wherein some of the walkways serve for working on the forming of the coffering for upper floors from a lower, finished floor and consisting of supports ( 124 ) which can be fixed in a sliding manner to double rails ( 125 ), one of which is fixed to the finished wall ( 130 ) and the other to the support ( 124 ), the rails ( 125 ) being fixed by bolts ( 127 ) with U-shaped heads ( 128 ) which run on the relevant rail, the bolt stem rising from this head which, in the case of the wall fixing ( 130 ) passes through any of the holes made by the conical spacers for fixing to a threaded washer ( 61 ), and in the case of the fixing to the support ( 124 ) are fixed to a flange ( 126 ) fixed by safety studs ( 10 ) to holes ( 32 ) in the support ( 125 ), which allows it to be adjusted in height, the upper part of the support ( 124 ) having a stop ( 129 ) to support it on the wall ( 130 ) and with anti-slip platforms ( 122 ) resting on the supports ( 124 ), having front folding crossbeams ( 131 ) for adjustment to the panels forming the upper floor's coffering, a handrail ( 136 ) being fixed to the supports ( 124 ) and the ends ( 122 ) of the walkways being closed with handrails ( 136 ) fixed by auxiliary L-shaped support pieces ( 137 ) joined to reinforcement crossbeams ( 138 ) under the platforms.  
   
   
       33 . Improvements according to  claim 32 , wherein the folding crossbeams ( 131 ) are joined by means of a longitudinal hinge ( 132 ) to the relevant platform, with a stud ( 135 ) for unfolding them and a frontal tubular piece ( 134 ) for support on the coffering panels.  
   
   
       34 . Improvements according to claims  32  or  33 , wherein the rails ( 125 ) can be installed horizontally or vertically, allowing the horizontal or vertical movement of the walkways ( 116 ).  
   
   
       35 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein the cofferings for chimneys ( 139 ) are formed by placing a tube inside.  
   
   
       36 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , wherein the parapet coffering includes upper bars ( 144 ) to maintain the exact width and lower wings ( 143 ) to prevent the concrete from overflowing during filling.  
   
   
       37 . Improvements according to  claim 1  used in the building of walls with foundations wherein a template ( 154 ) is used to build a support band, this template being made of a double profile ( 156 ) adaptable using sacking for level differences as necessary, and which are fixed to the ground by anchorings ( 11 ) inserted in the holes in side bars ( 157 ), forming joining angles ( 119 ) to maintain the transverse spacing, with the pillar reinforcements ( 20 ) remaining in the hardened band as well as reinforcement rods ( 21 ) for the wall, and building the wall coffering on the band with the relevant openings for installations.  
   
   
       38 . Improvements according to  claim 1 , in which walls can be built without foundations using stabilizers ( 164 ) with reinforcement planks ( 166 ) on supports ( 165 ) and alignment beams ( 27 ) wherein the stabilizers comprise a cylindrical telescopic section that slides inside a fixed section ( 100 ) and is locked by a stud ( 10 ), there also being an adjustable foot to improve its stability.  
   
   
       39 . Improvements to systems for building structures of reinforced concrete or other materials using high precision modular, integral coffering, according to all the above claims, wherein the building procedure is carried out in the following phases: 
 a) Installation of the coffering to build the foundation slab. Installation of the insulation and of the reinforcement meshes of the foundation slab, as well as of the sanitary work.    b) Installation of the adjusted layout template on the foundation coffering to locate and centre the outlets for the necessary sanitary and electrical installations and welding the starting reinforcement rods for the walls to the slab's reinforcement meshes.    c) Removal of the layout template and concreting of the inside of the coffering to build the foundation slab with all the planned installations built into it.    d) Re-installation of the layout template on the concreted slab to check the payout and fix the U-shaped stop pieces ( 25 ) at the places indicated by the template's sizing bars.    e) Removal of the layout template, removal of the foundation slab coffering and installation of the walls template, supported on the U-shaped pieces ( 25 ).    f) Installation of the walls' reinforcement meshes, with the walls' installations and insulation and fixing this assembly using the fixer/spacer bars.    g) Removal of the walls template, leaving the wall's complete internal frame or skeleton suitably located.    h) Installation of the complete mould joining the modular panels with self-centering clips or similar means and wall spacers, fitting the electrical boxes, pipe outlets and other installations in the centerers in the panels provided for such purpose.    i) Complete concreting of the mould to give a “grey work” construction with all the elements and installations built into it.