US2005182252A1PendingUtilityA1

Novel 2'-C-methyl nucleoside derivatives

Priority: Feb 13, 2004Filed: Jul 29, 2004Published: Aug 18, 2005
Est. expiryFeb 13, 2024(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
A61P 31/12C07H 19/04A61P 31/14A61P 31/18C07H 19/20
57
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Claims

Abstract

Compounds of Formula I, stereoisomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof, their preparation, and their uses for the treatment of hepatitis C viral infection are described:

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
1 . A compound of Formula I:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein:  
         B is selected from the group consisting of  
         
           
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
         
         V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted monocyclic aryl and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl;  
         W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —R 2 , optionally substituted monocyclic aryl, and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl;  
         Z is selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —COR 5 , —CONR 4   2 , —CO 2 R 5 —SO 2 R 5 —SO 2 NR 4   2 , —OR 4 , —SR 4 , —R 4 , —NR 4   2 , —OCOR 5 , —OCO 2 R 5 , —SCOR 5 , —SCO 2 R 5 , —NHCOR 4 , —NHCO 2 R 5 , —(CH 2 ) p —OR 6 , and —(CH 2 ) p —SR 6 ; or  
         together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; or  
         together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom; or  
         together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms;  
         R 2  is selected from the group consisting of R 3  and hydrogen;  
         R 3  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;  
         R 4  is selected from the group consisting of R 3  and hydrogen;  
         R 5  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;  
         R 6  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and lower acyl;  
         R 12  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and lower acyl; and  
         p is an integer 2 or 3;  
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.  
       
     
     
         2 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein: 
 B is                          
     
     
         3 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein: 
 B is                          
     
     
         4 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein: 
 B is                          
     
     
         5 . A compound of Formula II:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein:  
         B is selected from the group consisting of:  
         
           
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
         
         V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted monocyclic aryl and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl;  
         W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, methyl, and V, or W and W′ are each methyl, with the proviso that when W is V, then W′ is H;  
         Z is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OMe, —OEt, phenyl, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —NR 4   2 , —SR 4 , —(CH 2 ) n —OR 6 , —(CH 2 ) p —SR 6  and —OCOR 5 ; or  
         together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; or  
         together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom; or  
         together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group;  
         R 4  is C—C 4  alkyl;  
         R 5  is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 4  alkyl, monocyclic aryl, and monocyclic aralkyl; and  
         R 6  is C 1 -C 4  acyl;  
         R 7  and R 8  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 -C 4  acyl, C 1 -C 4  alkoxycarbonyl, and a naturally-occurring L-amino acid connected via its carbonyl group to form an ester; or  
         together R 7  and R 8  form a cyclic carbonate;  
         R 9  is selected from the group consisting of amino, azido, —N═CHN(R 4 ) 2 , —NHC(O)R 4 , and —NHC(O)OR 4 ; and  
         R 10  is selected from the group consisting of OR 6 , halogen, and H;  
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.  
       
     
     
         6 . The compound of  claim 1 , wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 12 , —COR 3 , —CO 2 R 3 , —NR 3   2 , —NR 12   2 , —CO 2 NR 22 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , —SO 2 NR 22  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 12 , —COR 3 , —CO 2 R 3 , —NR 3   2 , —NR 12   2 , —CO 2 NR 2   2 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , —SO 2 NR 2   2  and —CN, and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that    a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; and    R 3  is C 1 -C 6  alkyl.    
     
     
         7 . The compound of  claim 6  wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that    a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 4 atoms to form a 6-membered ring that is fused to a phenyl or substituted phenyl at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus.    
     
     
         8 . The compound of  claim 7  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; pyridyl; substituted pyridyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; furanyl; substituted furanyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; thienyl; and substituted thienyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 .  
     
     
         9 . The compound of  claim 8  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.  
     
     
         10 . The compound of  claim 9  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.  
     
     
         11 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OMe, —OEt, phenyl, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —NR 4   2 , —SR 4 , —(CH 2 ) p —OR 6 , —(CH 2 ) p —SR 6  and —OCOR 5 ; 
 R 4  is C 1 -C 4  alkyl;    R 5  is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 4  alkyl, monocyclic aryl, and monocyclic aralkyl; and    R 6  is C 1 -C 4  acyl.    
     
     
         12 . The compound of  claim 11  wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OMe, —OEt, and phenyl.  
     
     
         13 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein: 
 W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, and phenyl; or    together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group.    
     
     
         14 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, methyl, and V, or W and W′ are each methyl, with the proviso that when W is V, then W′ is H.  
     
     
         15 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted monocyclic aryl and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl;    W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, methyl, and V, or W and W′ are each methyl, with the proviso that when W is V, then W′ is H;    Z is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OMe, —OEt, phenyl, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —NR 4   2 , —SR 4 , —(CH 2 ) p —OR 6 , —(CH 2 ) p —SR 6  and —OCOR 5 ; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; or    together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom; or    together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group; and    R 4  is C 1 -C 4  alkyl;    R 5  is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 4  alkyl, monocyclic aryl, and monocyclic aralkyl; and    R 6  is C 1 -C 4  acyl.    
     
     
         16 . The compound of  claim 15  wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 12 , —COR 3 , —CO 2 R 3 , —NR 3   2 , —NR 12   2 , —CO 2 NR 2   2 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , —SO 2 NR 2   2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 12 , —COR 3 , —CO 2 R 3 , —NR 3   2 , —NR 12   2 , —CO 2 NR 2   2 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , —SO 2 NR 2   2  and —CN, and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that    a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; and    R 3  is C 1 -C 6  alkyl.    
     
     
         17 . The compound of  claim 16  wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN, and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that    a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S; and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 4 atoms to form a 6-membered ring that is fused to a phenyl or substituted phenyl at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus.    
     
     
         18 . The compound of  claim 17  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; pyridyl; substituted pyridyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; furanyl; substituted furanyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; thienyl; and substituted thienyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 .  
     
     
         19 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl; and    Z is selected from the group consisting of —H, OMe, OEt, and phenyl; and    W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H and phenyl, or W and W′ are each methyl.    
     
     
         20 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein Z, W, and W′ are each —H.  
     
     
         21 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein V and W are the same and each is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted monocyclic aryl and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.  
     
     
         22 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein: 
 B is                          V is selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl; and    Z, W, and W′ are each —H.    
     
     
         23 . The compound of  claim 22  wherein said compound is:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         24 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein: 
 B is                          V is selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl; and    Z, W, and W′ are each —H.    
     
     
         25 . The compound of  claim 24  wherein said compound is:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         26 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein: 
 B is                          V is selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl; and    Z, W, and W′ are each —H.    
     
     
         27 . The compound of  claim 26  wherein said compound is:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         28 . The compound of  claim 26  wherein said compound is:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         29 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein said compound is a compound of Formula V:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein:  
         V and the 5′oxymethylene group of the ribose sugar moiety are cis to one another.  
       
     
     
         30 . The compound of  claim 5  wherein said compound is a compound of Formula III:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein:  
         V and the 5′oxymethylene group of the ribose sugar moiety are cis to one another.  
       
     
     
         31 . The compound of  claim 30  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN.  
     
     
         32 . The compound of  claim 31  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.  
     
     
         33 . The compound of  claim 32  wherein said compound has R-stereochemistry at the V-attached carbon and has S-stereochemistry at the phosphorus center.  
     
     
         34 . The compound of  claim 32  wherein said compound has S-stereochemistry at the V-attached carbon and has R-stereochemistry at the phosphorus center.  
     
     
         35 . The compound of  claim 29  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 12 , —COR 3 , —CO 2 R 3 , —NR 3   2 , —NR 12   2 , —CO 2 NR 2   2 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , —SO 2 NR 2   2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 12 , —COR 3 , CO 2 R 3 , —NR 3   2 , —NR 12   2 —CO 2 NR 2   2 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , —SO 2 NR 2   2  and —CN, and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that 
 a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; and    R 3  is C 1 -C 6  alkyl.    
     
     
         36 . The compound of  claim 35  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that 
 a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 4 atoms to form a 6-membered ring that is fused to a phenyl or substituted phenyl at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus.    
     
     
         37 . The compound of  claim 36  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; pyridyl; substituted pyridyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; furanyl; substituted furanyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; thienyl; and substituted thienyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 .  
     
     
         38 . The compound of  claim 37  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.  
     
     
         39 . The compound of  claim 38  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.  
     
     
         40 . The compound of  claim 29  wherein said compound has R-stereochemistry at the V-attached carbon and has S-stereochemistry at the phosphorus center.  
     
     
         41 . The compound of  claim 29  wherein said compound has S-stereochemistry at the V-attached carbon and has R-stereochemistry at the phosphorus center.  
     
     
         42 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 1  and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.  
     
     
         43 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 5  and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.  
     
     
         44 . A method of inhibiting viral replication in a human patient comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 1 .  
     
     
         45 . A method of inhibiting viral replication in a human patient comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 5 .  
     
     
         46 . The method of  claim 44  wherein said viral replication is RNA-dependent RNA viral replication.  
     
     
         47 . The method of  claim 44  wherein said viral replication is HCV replication.  
     
     
         48 . A method of treating a viral infection in a human patient comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 1 .  
     
     
         49 . A method of treating a viral infection in a human patient comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 5 .  
     
     
         50 . The method of  claim 48  wherein said viral infection is RNA-dependent RNA viral infection.  
     
     
         51 . The method of  claim 48  wherein said viral infection is HCV infection.  
     
     
         52 . The method of  claim 51  wherein said compound of Formula I is used in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a second agent active against HCV.  
     
     
         53 . The method of  claim 52  wherein said second agent active against HCV is ribavirin; levovirin; viramidine; thymosin alpha-1; interferon-β; an inhibitor of NS3 serine protease; an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; interferon-α or pegylated interferon-α, alone or in combination with ribavirin or levovirin.  
     
     
         54 . The method of  claim 53  wherein said second agent active against HCV is interferon-α or pegylated interferon-≢, alone or in combination with ribavirin or levovirin.  
     
     
         55 . A compound of Formula I:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein:  
         B is  
         
           
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
         
         V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted monocyclic aryl and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl;  
         W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —R 2 , optionally substituted monocyclic aryl, and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl;  
         Z is selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —COR 5 , —CONR 4   2 , —CO 2 R 5 , —SO 2 R 5 , —SO 2 NR 4   2 , —OR 4 , —SR 4 , —R 4 , —NR 4   2 , —OCOR 5 , —OCO 2 R 5 , —SCOR 5 , —SCO 2 R 5 , —NHCOR 4 , —NHCO 2 R 5 , —(CH 2 ) p —OR 6 , and —(CH 2 ) p —SR 6 ; or  
         together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; or  
         together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom; or  
         together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms;  
         R 2  is selected from the group consisting of R 3  and hydrogen;  
         R 3  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;  
         R 4  is selected from the group consisting of R 5  and hydrogen;  
         R 5  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;  
         R 6  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and lower acyl;  
         R 12  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and lower acyl; and  
         p is an integer 2 or 3;  
         or a pharmaceutically salt thereof.  
       
     
     
         56 . A compound of Formula II:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein:  
         B is selected from the group consisting of  
         
           
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
         
         V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted monocyclic aryl and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl;  
         W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, methyl, and V, or W and W′ are each methyl, with the proviso that when W is V, then W′ is H;  
         Z is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OMe, —OEt, phenyl, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —NR 4   2 , —SR 4 , —(CH 2 ) p —OR 6 , —(CH 2 ) p —SR 6  and —OCOR 5 ; or  
         together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; or  
         together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom; or  
         together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group;  
         R 4  is C 1 -C 4  alkyl;  
         R 5  is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 4  alkyl, monocyclic aryl, and monocyclic aralkyl; and  
         R 6  is C 1 -C 4  acyl;  
         R 7  and R 8  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 -C 4  acyl, C 1 -C 4  alkoxycarbonyl, and a naturally-occurring L-amino acid connected via its carbonyl group to form an ester; or  
         together R 7  and R 8  form a cyclic carbonate; and  
         R 10  is selected from the group consisting of OR 4 , OR 6 , NH 2 , NHR 4 , halogen, and H;  
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.  
       
     
     
         57 . The compound of  claim 55 , wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 12 , —COR 3 , —CO 2 R 3 , —NR 3   2 , —NR 12   2 , —CO 2 NR 2   2 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , —SO 2 NR 2   2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 12 , —COR 3 , —CO 2 R 3 , —NR 3   2 , —NR 12   2 —CO 2 NR 2   2 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , —SO 2 NR 2   2  and —CN, and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that    a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; and    R 3  is C 1 -C 6  alkyl.    
     
     
         58 . The compound of  claim 57  wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that    a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 4 atoms to form a 6-membered ring that is fused to a phenyl or substituted phenyl at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus.    
     
     
         59 . The compound of  claim 58  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; pyridyl; substituted pyridyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; furanyl; substituted furanyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; thienyl; and substituted thienyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 .  
     
     
         60 . The compound of  claim 59  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.  
     
     
         61 . The compound of  claim 60  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.  
     
     
         62 . The compound of  claim 55 , wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OMe, —OEt, phenyl, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —NR 4   2 , —SR 4 , —(CH 2 ) p —OR 6 , —(CH 2 ) p —SR 6  and —OCOR 5 ; 
 R 4  is C 1 -C 4  alkyl;    R 5  is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 4  alkyl, monocyclic aryl, and monocyclic aralkyl; and    R 6  is C 1 -C 4  acyl.    
     
     
         63 . The compound of  claim 62  wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OMe, —OEt, and phenyl.  
     
     
         64 . The compound of  claim 55 , wherein: 
 W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, and phenyl; or    together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group.    
     
     
         65 . The compound of  claim 55 , wherein W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, methyl, and V, or W and W′ are each methyl, with the proviso that when W is V, then W′ is H.  
     
     
         66 . The compound of  claim 55 , wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted monocyclic aryl and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl;    W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, methyl, and V, or W and W′ are each methyl, with the proviso that when W is V, then W′ is H;    Z is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OMe, —OEt, phenyl, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —NR 4   2 , —SR 4 , —(CH 2 ) p —OR 6 , —(CH 2 ) p —SR 6  and —OCOR 5 ; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; or    together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom; or    together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group; and    R 4  is C 1 -C 4  alkyl;    R 5  is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 4  alkyl, monocyclic aryl, and monocyclic aralkyl; and    R 6  is C 1 -C 4  acyl.    
     
     
         67 . The compound of  claim 66  wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 12 , —COR 3 , —CO 2 R 3 , —NR 3   2 , —NR 12   2 , —CO 2 NR 2   2 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , SO 2 NR 2   2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 12 , —COR 3 , —CO 2 R3, —NR 2 , —NR 2 , —CO 2 NR 2   2 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , —SO 2 NR 2   2  and —CN, and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that    a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O then the other can not be O or S, and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; and    R 3  is C 1 -C 6  alkyl.    
     
     
         68 . The compound of  claim 67  wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN, and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that    a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S; and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 4 atoms to form a 6-membered ring that is fused to a phenyl or substituted phenyl at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus.    
     
     
         69 . The compound of  claim 68  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; pyridyl; substituted pyridyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; furanyl; substituted furanyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; thienyl; and substituted thienyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 .  
     
     
         70 . The compound of  claim 55 , wherein: 
 V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl; and    Z is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OMe, —OEt, and phenyl; and    W and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H and phenyl, or W and W′ are each methyl.    
     
     
         71 . The compound of  claim 55 , wherein Z, W, and W′ are each —H.  
     
     
         72 . The compound as of  claim 55 , wherein V and W are the same and each is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted monocyclic aryl and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.  
     
     
         73 . The compound of  claim 55  wherein: 
 B is                          V is selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl; and    Z, W, and W′ are each —H.    
     
     
         74 . The compound of  claim 73  wherein said compound is:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         75 . The compound of  claim 55  wherein said compound is a compound of Formula V:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein:  
         V and the 5′oxymethylene group of the ribose sugar moiety are cis to one another.  
       
     
     
         76 . The compound of  claim 56  wherein said compound is a compound of Formula III:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein:  
         V and the 5′oxymethylene group of the ribose sugar moiety are cis to one another.  
       
     
     
         77 . The compound of  claim 76  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN.  
     
     
         78 . The compound of  claim 77  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.  
     
     
         79 . The compound of  claim 78  wherein said compound has R-stereochemistry at the V-attached carbon and has S-stereochemistry at the phosphorus center.  
     
     
         80 . The compound of  claim 78  wherein said compound has S-stereochemistry at the V-attached carbon and has R-stereochemistry at the phosphorus center.  
     
     
         81 . The compound of  claim 75  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 12 , —COR 3 , —CO 2 R 3 , —NR 3   2 , —NR 12   2 —CO 2 NR 2   2 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , —SO 2 NR 2   2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —CF 3 , —OR 3 , —OR 2 , —COR 3 , —CO 2 R 3 , —NR 3   2 , —NR 12   2 , —CO 2 NR 2   2 , —SR 3 , —SO 2 R 3 , —SO 2 NR 22  and —CN, and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that 
 a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; and    R 3  is C 1 -C 6  alkyl.    
     
     
         82 . The compound of  claim 81  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —S Me, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN, monocyclic heteroaryl, and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —COCH 3 , —OMe, —NMe 2 , —OEt, —CO 2 t-butyl, —CO 2 NH 2 , —SMe, —SO 2 Me, —SO 2 NH 2  and —CN and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S with the provisos that 
 a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and    b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or    together V and Z are connected via an additional 4 atoms to form a 6-membered ring that is fused to a phenyl or substituted phenyl at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus.    
     
     
         83 . The compound of  claim 82  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; pyridyl; substituted pyridyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; furanyl; substituted furanyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 ; thienyl; and substituted thienyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, —F, C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and —CF 3 .  
     
     
         84 . The compound of  claim 83  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.  
     
     
         85 . The compound of  claim 84  wherein V is selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, and 4-pyridyl.  
     
     
         86 . The compound of  claim 75  wherein said compound has R-stereochemistry at the V-attached carbon and has S-stereochemistry at the phosphorus center.  
     
     
         87 . The compound of  claim 75  wherein said compound has S-stereochemistry at the V-attached carbon and has R-stereochemistry at the phosphorus center.  
     
     
         88 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 55  and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.  
     
     
         89 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 56  and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.  
     
     
         90 . A method of inhibiting viral replication in a human patient comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 55 .  
     
     
         91 . A method of inhibiting viral replication in a human patient comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 56 .  
     
     
         92 . The method of  claim 90  wherein said viral replication is RNA-dependent RNA viral replication.  
     
     
         93 . The method of  claim 90  wherein said viral replication is HCV replication.  
     
     
         94 . A method of treating a viral infection in a human patient comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 55 .  
     
     
         95 . A method of treating a viral infection in a human patient comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 56 .  
     
     
         96 . The method of  claim 94  wherein said viral infection is RNA-dependent RNA viral infection.  
     
     
         97 . The method of  claim 94  wherein said viral infection is HCV infection.  
     
     
         98 . The method of  claim 97  wherein said compound of Formula I is used in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a second agent active against HCV.  
     
     
         99 . The method of  claim 98  wherein said second agent active against HCV is ribavirin; levovirin; viramidine; thymosin alpha-1; interferon-β; an inhibitor of NS3 serine protease; an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; interferon-α or pegylated interferon-α, alone or in combination with ribavirin or levovirin.  
     
     
         100 . The method of  claim 99  wherein said second agent active against HCV is interferon-α or pegylated interferon-α, alone or in combination with ribavirin or levovirin.  
     
     
         101 . A compound of Formula VI:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein X is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , OCH 3 , and SCH 3 ;  
         Y and Y′ are independently O or NH;  
         V, W, and W′ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; and  
         Z is hydrogen, CHWOH, CHWOCOW′, SW, or CH 2 aryl.  
       
     
     
         102 . A compound of Formula VII:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein B is selected from the group consisting of:  
         
           
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
         
         X is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , OCH 3 , SCH 3 , OH, and SH;  
         Y and Y′ are independently O or NH;  
         R 14  is independently selected from the group consisting of H and NH 2 ;  
         the heterocyclic base B may be further substituted at any position on the heterocyclic base B with a substituent of a molecular weight of less than 150 and selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, and alkoxy, and wherein said substituents may be coupled to the 6-position of the heterocyclic base via a carbon, sulfur, oxygen, or selenium;  
         V, W, and W′ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; and  
         Z is hydrogen, CHWOH, CHWOCOW′, SW, or CH 2 aryl.  
       
     
     
         103 . The compound of  claim 102  wherein B is selected from the group consisting of:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         104 . The compound of  claim 103  wherein X is NH 2 .  
     
     
         105 . The compound of  claim 103  wherein B is selected from the groups consisting of:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         106 . The compound of  claim 105  wherein X is NH 2 .

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