US2005075309A1PendingUtilityA1

Purine nucleoside analogues for treating Flaviviridae including hepatitis C

Priority: Jul 25, 2003Filed: Jul 26, 2004Published: Apr 7, 2005
Est. expiryJul 25, 2023(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
A61P 31/14A61P 43/00A61K 45/06C07H 19/04C07H 19/052C07H 19/044A61K 31/00C07H 19/23C07H 19/056A61K 31/706
56
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Claims

Abstract

This invention is directed to a method for treating a host, especially a human, infected with hepatitis C, flavivirus and/or pestivirus, comprising administering to that host an effective amount of an anti-HCV biologically active pentofuranonucleoside where the pentofuranonucleoside base is an optionally substituted 2-azapurine. The optionally substituted pentofuranonucleoside, or a salt or prodrug thereof, may be administered alone or in combination with one or more optionally substituted pentofuranonucleosides or other anti-viral agents.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
1 . A method of treating a host infected with a flavivirus or pestivirus, comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-pestivirus or anti-flavivirus biologically active ribofuranonucleoside of Formula (I):  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmacologically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
 R is H, mono-, di-, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate;  
 X is O, S[O] n , CH 2 , CHOH, CH-alkyl, CH-alkenyl, CH-alkynyl, C-dialkyl, CH—O-alkyl, CH—O-alkenyl, CH—O-alkynyl, CH—S-alkyl, CH—S-alkenyl, CH—S-alkynyl, NH, N-alkyl, N-alkenyl, N-alkynyl, S(O)N-alkyl, S(O)N-alkenyl, S(O)N-alkynyl, SCH-halogen, or C-(halogen) 2 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl may optionally be substituted;  
 n is 0-2;  
 such than when X is CH 2 , CHOH, CH-alkyl, CH-alkenyl, CH-alkynyl, C-dialkyl, CH—O-alkyl, CH—O-alkenyl, CH—O-alkynyl, CH—S-alkyl, CH—S-alkenyl, CH—S-alkynyl, CH-halogen, or C-(halogen) 2 ,  
 then each R 1  and R 1′  is independently H, OH, optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, azido, cyano, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, —C(O)O-(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O-(alkenyl), —C(O)O-(alkynyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), —O(alkynyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl, —NO 2 , —NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —NH(acyl), —N(acyl) 2 , —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , S(O)N-alkyl, S(O)N-alkenyl, S(O)N-alkynyl, SCH-halogen, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, and/or alkynyl may optionally be substituted; and  
 such that when X is O, S[O] n , NH, N-alkyl, N-alkenyl, N-alkynyl, S(O)N-alkyl, S(O)N-alkenyl, S(O)N-alkynyl, or SCH-halogen,  
 then each R 1  and R 1+  is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, azido, cyano, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, —C(O)O-(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O-(alkenyl), —C(O)O-(alkynyl), halogenated alkyl, —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , —C(H)═N—NH 2 , C(S)NH 2 , C(S)NH(alkyl), or C(S)N(alkyl) 2 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl and/or alkynyl may optionally be substituted;  
 each R 2  and R 3  independently is OH, NH 2 , SH, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), and —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , N 3 , optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, halogenated alkyl, —C(O)O-(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O-(alkenyl), —C(O)O-(alkynyl), —O(acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(alkenyl), —O(alkynyl), —OC(O)NH 2 , NC, C(O)OH, SCN, OCN, —S(alkyl), —S(alkenyl), —S(alkynyl), —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(alkenyl), —NH(alkynyl), an amino acid residue or derivative, a prodrug or leaving group that provides OH in vivo, or an optionally substituted 3-7 membered heterocyclic ring having O, S and/or N independently as a heteroatom taken alone or in combination;  
 each R 2′  and R 3′  independently is H; optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O(alkenyl), —C(O)O(alkynyl), —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl and particularly CF 3 , azido, cyano, NO 2 , —S(alkyl), —S(alkenyl), —S(alkynyl), NH 2 , —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(alkenyl), —NH(alkynyl), —NH(acyl), or —N(acyl) 2 , and R 3  at 3′-C may also be OH; and  
 Base is selected from the group consisting of:  
                                       
 wherein  
 each R′ and R″ independently is H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, halogen, halogenated alkyl, OH, CN, N 3 , carboxy, CN 4 alkoxycarbonyl, NH 2 , C 1-4  alkylamino, di(C 1-4  alkyl)amino, C 1-6  alkoxy, C 1-6  alkylsulfonyl, (C 1-4  alkyl) 0-2  aminomethyl;  
 each W is Cl, Br, I, F, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, OH, SH, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, O-alkenyl, O-alkynyl, S-alkenyl, S-alkynyl, —OC(O)NR 4 R 4 , O-acyl, S-acyl, CN, SCN, OCN, NO 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , NH-cycloalkyl, NH-acyl, NH═NH, CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 ; and  
 each R 4  is independently H, acyl, or C 1-6  alkyl;  
 each Z is O, S, NH, N—OH, N—NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , N-cycloalkyl, alkoxy, CN, SCN, OCN, SH, NO 2 , NH 2 , N 3 , NH═NH, NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 ;  
 with the caveat that when X is S, then the compound is not 5-(4-amino-imidazo[4,5-d][1,2,3]triazin-7-yl)-2-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-thiophen-3-ol or 7-(4-hydroxy-5-hydroxy-methyl-tetrahydro-thiophen-2-yl)-3,7-dihydro-imidazo[4,5-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-one.  
 
     
     
         2 . A method of treating a host infected with a flavivirus or pestivirus, comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-pestivirus or anti-flavivirus biologically active ribofuranonucleoside of Formula (II):  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmacologically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
 X* is CY 3 ;  
 Y 3  is hydrogen, alkyl, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), CF 3 , —CONH 2 , —CONH(alkyl), or —CON(alkyl) 2 ;  
 R is H, mono-, di-, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate;  
 R 1  is H, OH, optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, azido, cyano, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl. —C(O)O-(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O-(alkenyl), —C(O)O-(alkynyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), —O(alkynyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl, —NO 2 , —NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —NH(acyl), —N(acyl) 2 , —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), or —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , wherein an optional substitution on alkyl, alkenyl, and/or alkynyl may be one or more halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy or alkylthio groups taken in any combination;  
 each R 2  and R 3  independently is OH, NH 2 , F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , N 3 , optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, halogenated alkyl, —C(O)O-(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O-(alkenyl), —C(O)O-(alkynyl), an amino acid residue or derivative, a prodrug or leaving group that provides OH in vivo, or an optionally substituted 3-7 membered heterocyclic ring having O, S and/or N independently as a heteroatom taken alone or in combination;  
 each R 2′  and R 3′  independently is H; optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O(alkenyl), —C(O)O(alkynyl), —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), and —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl and particularly CF 3 , azido, cyano, NO 2 , —S(alkyl), —S(alkenyl), —S(alkynyl), NH 2 , —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(alkenyl), —NH(alkynyl), —NH(acyl), or —N(acyl) 2 , and R 3  at 3′-C may also be OH; and  
 Base is selected from the group consisting of:  
                                       
 wherein  
 each R′ and R″ independently is H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, halogen, halogenated alkyl, OH, CN, N 3 , carboxy, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl, NH 2 , C 1-4  alkylamino, di(C 1-4  alkyl)amino, C 1-6  alkoxy, C 1-6  alkylsulfonyl, (C 1-4  alkyl) 0-2  aminomethyl;  
 each W is Cl, Br, I, F, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, OH, SH, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, O-alkenyl, O-alkynyl, S-alkenyl, S-alkynyl, —OC(O)NR 4 R 4 , O-acyl, S-acyl, CN, SCN, OCN, NO 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , NH-cycloalkyl, NH-acyl, NH═NH, CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 ; and  
 each R 4  is independently H, acyl, or C 1-6  alkyl;  
 each Z is O, S, NH, N—OH, N—NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , N-cycloalkyl, alkoxy, CN, SCN, OCN, SH, NO 2 , NH 2 , N 3 , NH═NH, NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 .  
 
     
     
         3 . A method of treating a host infected with a flavivirus or pestivirus, comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-pestivirus or anti-flavivirus biologically active ribofuranonucleoside of Formula (III):  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmacologically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
 each R, R 2* , and R 3*  independently is H, mono-, di-, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate; optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, acyl, —C(O)-(alkyl), —C(O)(lower alkyl), —C(O)-(alkenyl), —C(O)-(alkynyl), lipid, phospholipid, carbohydrate, peptide, cholesterol, an amino acid residue or derivative, or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group that is capable of providing H or phosphate when administered in vivo;  
 X is O, S[O] n , CH 2 , CHOH, CH-alkyl, CH-alkenyl, CH-alkynyl, C-dialkyl, CH—O-alkyl, CH—O-alkenyl, CH—O-alkynyl, CH—S-alkyl, CH—S-alkenyl, CH—S-alkynyl, NH, N-alkyl, N-alkenyl, N-alkynyl, S(O)N-alkyl, S(O)N-alkenyl, S(O)N-alkynyl, SCH-halogen, or C-(halogen) 2 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl optionally may be substituted;  
 n is 0-2;  
 each R 2′  independently is H; optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O(alkenyl), —C(O)O(alkynyl), —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , —OH, —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl and particularly CF 3 , azido, cyano, NO 2 , —S(alkyl), —S(alkenyl), —S(alkynyl), NH 2 , —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(alkenyl), —NH(alkynyl), —NH(acyl), or —N(acyl) 2 ; and  
 Base is selected from the group consisting of:  
                                       
 wherein  
 each R′ and R″ independently is H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, halogen, halogenated alkyl, OH, CN, N 3 , carboxy, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl, NH 2 , C 1-4  alkylamino, di(C 1-4  alkyl)amino, C 1-6  alkoxy, C 1-6  alkylsulfonyl, (C 1-4  alkyl) 0-2  aminomethyl;  
 each W is Cl, Br, I, F, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, OH, SH, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, O-alkenyl, O-alkynyl, S-alkenyl, S-alkynyl, —OC(O)NR 4 R 4 , O-acyl, S-acyl, CN, SCN, OCN, NO 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , NH-cycloalkyl, NH-acyl, NH═NH, CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 ; and  
 each R 4  is independently H, acyl, or C 1-6  alkyl;  
 each Z is O, S, NH, N—OH, N—NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , N-cycloalkyl, alkoxy, CN, SCN, OCN, SH, NO 2 , NH 2 , N 3 , NH═NH, NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 .  
 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 3 , wherein R 2′  is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; halogen, halogenated alkyl, CH 3 , CF 3 , azido, or cyano.  
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 3 , wherein R 2′  is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; halogen, halogenated alkyl, CH 3 , or CF 3 .  
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 3 , wherein R 2′  is CH 3  or CF 3 .  
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 3 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H, mono-, di-, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate.  
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 3 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H.  
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 3 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H, acyl, or an amino acid acyl residue.  
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 3 , wherein X is O or S.  
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 3 , wherein X is O.  
     
     
         12 . A method of treating a host infected with a flavivirus or pestivirus, comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-pestivirus or anti-flavivirus biologically active ribofuranonucleoside of Formula (IV):  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmacologically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
 each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * independently is H, mono, di, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate; optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, acyl, —C(O)-(alkyl), —C(O)(lower alkyl), —C(O)-(alkenyl), —C(O)-(alkynyl), lipid, phospholipid, carbohydrate, peptide, cholesterol, an amino acid residue or derivative, or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group that is capable of providing H or phosphate when administered in vivo;  
 X is O, S[O] n , CH 2 , CHOH, CH-alkyl, CH-alkenyl, CH-alkynyl, C-dialkyl, CH—O-alkyl, CH—O-alkenyl, CH—O-alkynyl, CH—S-alkyl, CH—S-alkenyl, CH—S-alkynyl, NH, N-alkyl, N-alkenyl, N-alkynyl, S(O)N-alkyl, S(O)N-alkenyl, S(O)N-alkynyl, SCH-halogen, or C-(halogen) 2 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl optionally may be substituted;  
 n is 0-2;  
 each R 3′  independently is H; optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O(alkenyl), —C(O)O(alkynyl), —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , —OH, —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl and particularly CF 3 , azido, cyano, NO 2 , —S(alkyl), —S(alkenyl), —S(alkynyl), NH 2 , —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(alkenyl), —NH(alkynyl), —NH(acyl), or —N(acyl) 2 ; and  
 Base is selected from the group consisting of:  
                                       
 wherein  
 each R′ and R″ independently is H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, halogen, halogenated alkyl, OH, CN, N 3 , carboxy, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl, NH 2 , C 1-4  alkylamino, di(C 1-4  alkyl)amino, C 1-6  alkoxy, C 1-6  alkylsulfonyl, (C 1-4  alkyl) 0-2  aminomethyl;  
 each W is Cl, Br, I, F, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, OH, SH, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, O-alkenyl, O-alkynyl, S-alkenyl, S-alkynyl, —OC(O)NR 4 R 4 , O-acyl, S-acyl, CN, SCN, OCN, NO 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , NH-cycloalkyl, NH-acyl, NH═NH, CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 ; and  
 each R 4  is independently H, acyl, or C 1-6  alkyl;  
 each Z is O, S, NH, N—OH, N—NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , N-cycloalkyl, alkoxy, CN, SCN, OCN, SH, NO 2 , NH 2 , N 3 , NH═NH, NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 .  
 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein R 3′  is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; halogen, halogenated alkyl, CH 3 , CF 3 , azido, or cyano.  
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein R 3′  is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; halogen, halogenated alkyl, CH 3 , or CF 3 .  
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein R 3′  is CH 3  or CF 3 .  
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H, mono-, di-, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate.  
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H.  
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H, acyl, or an amino acid acyl residue.  
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein X is O or S.  
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein X is O.  
     
     
         21 . The method of one of claims  3  or  12  wherein the host is a mammal.  
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein the mammal is a human.  
     
     
         23 . The method of one of claims  3  or  12 , further comprising administering an antivirally effective amount of the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, in combination or alternation with one or more additional antivirally effective agents.  
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 23  wherein the additional antivirally effective agent is selected from the group consisting of an interferon, ribavirin, an interleukin, an NS3 protease inhibitor, a cysteine protease inhibitor, phenanthrenequinone, a thiazolidine derivative, a thiazolidine and a benzanilide, a helicase inhibitor, a polymerase inhibitor, a nucleotide analogue, gliotoxin, cerulenin, an antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide, an inhibitor of IRES-dependent translation, and a ribozyme.  
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 24 , wherein the additional antivirally effective agent is an interferon.  
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 25  wherein the additional antivirally effective agent is selected from the group consisting of pegylated interferon alpha 2a, interferon alphacon-1, natural interferon, albuferon, interferon beta-1a, omega interferon, interferon alpha, interferon gamma, interferon tau, interferon delta and interferon gamma-1b.  
     
     
         27 . The method of one of claims  3  and  12 , wherein the compound is in the form of a dosage unit.  
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 27  wherein the dosage unit contains 50 to 1000 mg of the compound.  
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 28 , wherein the said dosage unit is a tablet or capsule.  
     
     
         30 . The method of one of claims  3  or  12 , wherein the compound is in substantially pure form.  
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 30  wherein the compound is at least 90% by weight of the β-D-isomer.  
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 30  wherein the compound is at least 95% by weight of the β-D-isomer.  
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 30  wherein the compound is at least 90% by weight of the β-L-isomer.  
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 30  wherein the compound is at least 95% by weight of the β-L-isomer.  
     
     
         35 . A compound of the general structure of Formula (I):  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmacologically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
 R is H, mono-, di-, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate;  
 X is O, S[O] n , CH 2 , CHOH, CH-alkyl, CH-alkenyl, CH-alkynyl, C-dialkyl, CH—O-alkyl, CH—O-alkenyl, CH—O-alkynyl, CH—S-alkyl, CH—S-alkenyl, CH—S-alkynyl, NH, N-alkyl, N-alkenyl, N-alkynyl, S(O)N-alkyl, S(O)N-alkenyl, S(O)N-alkynyl, SCH-halogen, or C-(halogen) 2 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl may optionally be substituted;  
 n is 0-2;  
 such than when X is CH 2 , CHOH, CH-alkyl, CH-alkenyl, CH-alkynyl, C-dialkyl, CH—O-alkyl, CH—O-alkenyl, CH—O-alkynyl, CH—S-alkyl, CH—S-alkenyl, CH—S-alkynyl, CH-halogen, or C-(halogen) 2 ,  
 then each R 1  and R 1′  is independently H, OH, optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, azido, cyano, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, —C(O)O-(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O-(alkenyl), —C(O)O-(alkynyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), —O(alkynyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl, —NO 2 , —NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —NH(acyl), —N(acyl) 2 , —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , S(O)N-alkyl, S(O)N-alkenyl, S(O)N-alkynyl, SCH-halogen, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, and/or alkynyl may optionally be substituted; and  
 such that when X is O, S[O] n , NH, N-alkyl, N-alkenyl, N-alkynyl, S(O)N-alkyl, S(O)N-alkenyl, S(O)N-alkynyl, or SCH-halogen,  
 then each R 1  and R 1′  is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, azido, cyano, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, —C(O)O-(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O-(alkenyl), —C(O)O-(alkynyl), halogenated alkyl, —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , —C(H)═N—NH 2 , C(S)NH 2 , C(S)NH(alkyl), or C(S)N(alkyl) 2 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl and/or alkynyl may optionally be substituted;  
 each R 2  and R 3  independently is OH, NH 2 , SH, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), and —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , N 3 , optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, halogenated alkyl, —C(O)O-(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O-(alkenyl), —C(O)O-(alkynyl), —O(acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(alkenyl), —O(alkynyl), —OC(O)NH 2 , NC, C(O)OH, SCN, OCN, —S(alkyl), —S(alkenyl), —S(alkynyl), —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(alkenyl), —NH(alkynyl), an amino acid residue or derivative, a prodrug or leaving group that provides OH in vivo, or an optionally substituted 3-7 membered heterocyclic ring having O, S and/or N independently as a heteroatom taken alone or in combination;  
 each R 2′  and R 3,  independently is H; optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O(alkenyl), —C(O)O(alkynyl), —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl and particularly CF 3 , azido, cyano, NO 2 , —S(alkyl), —S(alkenyl), —S(alkynyl), NH 2 , —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(alkenyl), —NH(alkynyl), —NH(acyl), or —N(acyl) 2 , and R 3  at 3′-C may also be OH; and  
 Base is selected from the group consisting of:  
                                       
 wherein  
 each R′ and R″ independently is H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, halogen, halogenated alkyl, OH, CN, N 3 , carboxy, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl, NH 2 , C 1-4  alkylamino, di(C 1-4  alkyl)amino, C 1-6  alkoxy, C 1-6  alkylsulfonyl, (C 1-4  alkyl) 0-2  aminomethyl;  
 each W is Cl, Br, I, F, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, OH, SH, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, O-alkenyl, O-alkynyl, S-alkenyl, S-alkynyl, —OC(O)NR 4 R 4 , O-acyl, S-acyl, CN, SCN, OCN, NO 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , NH-cycloalkyl, NH-acyl, NH═NH, CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 ; and  
 each R 4  is independently H, acyl, or C 1-6  alkyl;  
 each Z is O, S, NH, N—OH, N—NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , N-cycloalkyl, alkoxy, CN, SCN, OCN, SH, NO 2 , NH 2 , N 3 , NH═NH, NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 ;  
 with the caveat that when X is S, then the compound is not 5-(4-amino-imidazo[4,5-d][1,2,3]triazin-7-yl)-2-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-thiophen-3-ol or 7-(4-hydroxy-5-hydroxy-methyl-tetrahydro-thiophen-2-yl)-3,7-dihydro-imidazo[4,5-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-one.  
 
     
     
         36 . A compound of the general structure of Formula (II):  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmacologically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
 X* is CY 3 ;  
 Y 3  is hydrogen, alkyl, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), CF 3 , —CONH 2 , —CONH(alkyl), or —CON(alkyl) 2 ;  
 R is H, mono-, di-, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate;  
 R 1  is H, OH, optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, azido, cyano, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, —C(O)O-(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O-(alkenyl), —C(O)O-(alkynyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), —O(alkynyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl, —NO 2 , —NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —NH(acyl), —N(acyl) 2 , —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), or —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , wherein an optional substitution on alkyl, alkenyl, and/or alkynyl may be one or more halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy or alkylthio groups taken in any combination;  
 each R 2  and R 3  independently is OH, NH 2 , F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , N 3 , optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, halogenated alkyl, —C(O)O-(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O-(alkenyl), —C(O)O-(alkynyl), an amino acid residue or derivative, a prodrug or leaving group that provides OH in vivo, or an optionally substituted 3-7 membered heterocyclic ring having O, S and/or N independently as a heteroatom taken alone or in combination;  
 each R 2′  and R 3′  independently is H; optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O(alkenyl), —C(O)O(alkynyl), —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), and —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl and particularly CF 3 , azido, cyano, NO 2 , —S(alkyl), —S(alkenyl), —S(alkynyl), NH 2 , —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(alkenyl), —NH(alkynyl), —NH(acyl), or —N(acyl) 2 , and R 3  at 3′-C may also be OH; and  
 Base is selected from the group consisting of:  
                                       
 wherein  
 each R′ and R″ independently is H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, halogen, halogenated alkyl, OH, CN, N 3 , carboxy, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl, NH 2 , C 1-4  alkylamino, di(C 1-4  alkyl)amino, C 1-6  alkoxy, C 1-6  alkylsulfonyl, (C 1-4  alkyl) 0-2  aminomethyl;  
 each W is Cl, Br, I, F, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, OH, SH, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, O-alkenyl, O-alkynyl, S-alkenyl, S-alkynyl, —OC(O)NR 4 R 4 , O-acyl, S-acyl, CN, SCN, OCN, NO 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , NH-cycloalkyl, NH-acyl, NH═NH, CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 ; and  
 each R 4  is independently H, acyl, or C 1-6  alkyl;  
 each Z is O, S, NH, N—OH, N—NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , N-cycloalkyl, alkoxy, CN, SCN, OCN, SH, NO 2 , NH 2 , N 3 , NH═NH, NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 .  
 
     
     
         37 . A compound of the general structure of Formula (III):  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmacologically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
 each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * independently is H, mono-, di-, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate; optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, acyl, —C(O)-(alkyl), —C(O)(lower alkyl), —C(O)-(alkenyl), —C(O)-(alkynyl), lipid, phospholipid, carbohydrate, peptide, cholesterol, an amino acid residue or derivative, or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group that is capable of providing H or phosphate when administered in vivo;  
 X is O, S[O] n , CH 2 , CHOH, CH-alkyl, CH-alkenyl, CH-alkynyl, C-dialkyl, CH—O-alkyl, CH—O-alkenyl, CH—O-alkynyl, CH—S-alkyl, CH—S-alkenyl, CH—S-alkynyl, NH, N-alkyl, N-alkenyl, N-alkynyl, S(O)N-alkyl, S(O)N-alkenyl, S(O)N-alkynyl, SCH-halogen, or C-(halogen) 2 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl optionally may be substituted;  
 n is 0-2;  
 each R 2′  independently is H; optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O(alkenyl), —C(O)O(alkynyl), —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , —OH, —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl and particularly CF 3 , azido, cyano, NO 2 , —S(alkyl), —S(alkenyl), —S(alkynyl), NH 2 , —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(alkenyl), —NH(alkynyl), —NH(acyl), or —N(acyl) 2 ; and  
 Base is selected from the group consisting of:  
                                       
 wherein  
 each R′ and R″ independently is H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, halogen, halogenated alkyl, OH, CN, N 3 , carboxy, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl, NH 2 , C 1-4  alkylamino, di(C 1-4  alkyl)amino, C 1-6  alkoxy, C 1-6  alkylsulfonyl, (C 1-4  alkyl) 0-2  aminomethyl;  
 each W is Cl, Br, I, F, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, OH, SH, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, O-alkenyl, O-alkynyl, S-alkenyl, S-alkynyl, —OC(O)NR 4 R 4 , O-acyl, S-acyl, CN, SCN, OCN, NO 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , NH-cycloalkyl, NH-acyl, NH═NH, CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 ; and  
 each R 4  is independently H, acyl, or C 1-6  alkyl;  
 each Z is O, S, NH, N—OH, N—NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , N-cycloalkyl, alkoxy, CN, SCN, OCN, SH, NO 2 , NH 2 , N 3 , NH═NH, NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 .  
 
     
     
         38 . The compound of  claim 37 , wherein R 2′  is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; halogen, halogenated alkyl, CH 3 , CF 3 , azido, or cyano.  
     
     
         39 . The compound of  claim 37 , wherein R 2′  is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; halogen, halogenated alkyl, CH 3 , or CF 3 .  
     
     
         40 . The compound of  claim 37 , wherein R 2′  is CH 3  or CF 3 .  
     
     
         41 . The compound of  claim 37 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H, mono-, di-, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate.  
     
     
         42 . The compound of  claim 37 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H.  
     
     
         43 . The compound of  claim 37 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H, acyl, or an amino acid acyl residue.  
     
     
         44 . The compound of  claim 37 , wherein X is O or S.  
     
     
         45 . The compound of  claim 37 , wherein X is O.  
     
     
         46 . A compound of the general structure of Formula (IV):  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmacologically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
 each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * independently is H, mono-, di-, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate; optionally substituted alkyl, lower alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, acyl, —C(O)-(alkyl), —C(O)(lower alkyl), —C(O)-(alkenyl), —C(O)-(alkynyl), lipid, phospholipid, carbohydrate, peptide, cholesterol, an amino acid residue or derivative, or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group that is capable of providing H or phosphate when administered in vivo;  
 X is O, S[O] n , CH 2 , CHOH, CH-alkyl, CH-alkenyl, CH-alkynyl, C-dialkyl, CH—O-alkyl, CH—O-alkenyl, CH—O-alkynyl, CH—S-alkyl, CH—S-alkenyl, CH—S-alkynyl, NH, N-alkyl, N-alkenyl, N-alkynyl, S(O)N-alkyl, S(O)N-alkenyl, S(O)N-alkynyl, SCH-halogen, or C-(halogen) 2 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl optionally may be substituted;  
 n is 0-2;  
 each R 3′  independently is H; optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —C(O)O(alkenyl), —C(O)O(alkynyl), —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , —OH, —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), halogen, halogenated alkyl and particularly CF 3 , azido, cyano, NO 2 , —S(alkyl), —S(alkenyl), —S(alkynyl), NH 2 , —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(alkenyl), —NH(alkynyl), —NH(acyl), or —N(acyl) 2 ; and  
 Base is selected from the group consisting of:  
                                       
 wherein  
 each R′ and R″ independently is H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 2   6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, halogen, halogenated alkyl, OH, CN, N 3 , carboxy, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl, NH 2 , C 1-4  alkylamino, di(C 1-4  alkyl)amino, C 1-6  alkoxy, C 1-6  alkylsulfonyl, (C 1-4  alkyl) 0-2  aminomethyl;  
 each W is Cl, Br, I, F, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, OH, SH, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, O-alkenyl, O-alkynyl, S-alkenyl, S-alkynyl, —OC(O)NR 4 R 4 , O-acyl, S-acyl, CN, SCN, OCN, NO 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , NH-cycloalkyl, NH-acyl, NH═NH, CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 ; and  
 each R 4  is independently H, acyl, or C 1-6  alkyl;  
 each Z is O, S, NH, N—OH, N—NH 2 , NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , N-cycloalkyl, alkoxy, CN, SCN, OCN, SH, NO 2 , NH 2 , N 3 , NH═NH, NH(alkyl), N(alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(alkyl), or CON(alkyl) 2 .  
 
     
     
         47 . The compound of  claim 46 , wherein R 3′  is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; halogen, halogenated alkyl, CH 3 , CF 3 , azido, or cyano.  
     
     
         48 . The compound of  claim 46 , wherein R 3′  is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; halogen, halogenated alkyl, CH 3 , or CF 3 .  
     
     
         49 . The compound of  claim 46 , wherein R 3′  is CH 3  or CF 3 .  
     
     
         50 . The compound of  claim 46 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H, mono-, di-, or triphosphate, a stabilized phosphate, or phosphonate.  
     
     
         51 . The compound of  claim 46 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H.  
     
     
         52 . The compound of  claim 46 , wherein each R, R 2 *, and R 3 * is independently H, acyl, or an amino acid acyl residue.  
     
     
         53 . The compound of  claim 46 , wherein X is O or S.  
     
     
         54 . The compound of  claim 46 , wherein X is O.  
     
     
         55 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-virally effective amount of a compound of one of claims  37  or  46 , optionally with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.  
     
     
         56 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 55  wherein the compound, salt or prodrug thereof is in the form of a dosage unit.  
     
     
         57 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 56  wherein the dosage unit contains from about 0.01 to about 50 mg of the compound.  
     
     
         58 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 57 , wherein said dosage unit is a tablet or capsule.  
     
     
         59 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 55 , further comprising one or more additional anti-virally effective agents.  
     
     
         60 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 59 , wherein the additional anti-virally agent is selected from the group consisting of an interferon, ribavirin, an interleukin, an NS3 protease inhibitor, a cysteine protease inhibitor, a thiazolidine derivative, a thiazolidine and a benzanilide, phenanthrenequinone, a helicase inhibitor, a polymerase inhibitor, a nucleotide analogue, gliotoxin, cerulenin, an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, an inhibitor of IRES-dependent translation, and a ribozyme.  
     
     
         61 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 60  wherein the additional anti-virally effective agent is an interferon.  
     
     
         62 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 61 , wherein the additional anti-virally effective agent is selected from the group consisting of pegylated interferon alpha 2a, interferon alphacon-1, natural interferon, albuferon, interferon beta-1a, omega interferon, interferon alpha, interferon gamma, interferon tau, interferon delta and interferon gamma-1b.  
     
     
         63 . The pharmaceutical composition of one of claims  37  or  46 , wherein the compound is in substantially pure form.  
     
     
         64 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 63 , wherein the compound is at least 90% by weight of the β-D-isomer.  
     
     
         65 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 63 , wherein the compound is at least 95% by weight of the β-D-isomer.  
     
     
         66 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 63  wherein the compound is at least 90% by weight of the β-L-isomer.  
     
     
         67 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 63  wherein the compound is at least 95% by weight of the β-L-isomer.

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