Single crystals of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate

Abstract

A method of making a single crystals of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT). The method includes providing a crucible containing PMN-PT starting material, and placing the crucible into a furnace having at least two temperature zones, which is subsequently pressured with an inert gas. The crucible then descends into the temperature zones of the vertical. The temperature zones of the furnace include a first temperature zone having a temperature higher than a melting temperature of the PMN-PT material and a second temperature zone having a temperature less than the melting temperature of the PMN-PT material. The single crystals of PMN-PT prepared using the above-described method exhibits a [110] crystal orientation and may be used in electroacoustic transducers. The electroacoustic transducers are useful in devices that detect or generate acoustic waves.

1 . A method of making a single crystal of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) comprising the steps of: 
 (a) providing a crucible containing PMN-PT starting material;    (b) placing the crucible containing the PMN-PT starting material into a furnace having at least two temperature zones and pressurizing the interior of said furnace with an inert gas;    (c) establishing at least: 
 (i) a first temperature zone having a temperature higher than a melting temperature of the PMN-PT material; and  
 (ii) a second temperature zone having a temperature less than the melting temperature of the PMN-PT material; and  
   (d) exposing the crucible and PMN-PT starting material sequentially to said first temperature zone and then said second temperature zone.    
   
   
       2 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the PMN-PT starting material comprises high purity powders of Pb 3 O 4 , MgCO 3 , Nb 2 O 5 , and TiO 2 .  
   
   
       3 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the crucible is covered with a loosely fitted alumina disk.  
   
   
       4 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the pressure in the furnace is from 10 to 500 atmospheres.  
   
   
       5 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the inert gas is one or more selected from the group consisting of helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon.  
   
   
       6 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the inert gas is argon.  
   
   
       7 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the temperature of the first temperature zone is greater than 1,300° C. and the temperature of the second temperature zone is not more than 1,300° C.  
   
   
       8 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the furnace is a vertical furnace and wherein the exposing step (d) includes descending the crucible in said vertical furnace at a rate of from 0.2 mm/hr to 12 mm/hr.  
   
   
       9 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the temperature of the first temperature zone and the temperature of the second temperature zone create a temperature gradient in the furnace and said temperature gradient is from 10° C./cm to 50° C./cm.  
   
   
       10 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein in addition to the inert gas, a small partial pressure of oxygen is used to pressurize the furnace.  
   
   
       11 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the single crystal of PMN-PT is a single grain crystal of a (n−1)PMN-(n)PT solid solution exhibiting [110] crystal orientation.  
   
   
       12 . A single grain crystal of PMN-PT prepared using the method of  claim 1 .  
   
   
       13 . An electroacoustic transducer that includes at least one single crystal of PMN-PT of  claim 12 .  
   
   
       14 . A device that includes the electroacoustic transducer of  claim 13  to detect or generate acoustic waves.  
   
   
       15 . The device of  claim 14 , wherein the device is selected from the group consisting of sonar devices, mine detection devices, hydrophone devices, ultrasonic therapy devices, ultrasonic body fat measuring devices, ultrasonic imaging devices, ultrasonic devices for assessing the structural properties of wooden members, ultrasonic devices for measuring animal backfat, ultrasonic devices for fill level monitoring, ultrasonic devices for flow rate measurement and ultrasonic devices for inspecting rods used in the core of nuclear reactors.  
   
   
       16 . A method of making a single grain crystal of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate ((n−1)PMN-(n)PT) exhibiting a crystal orientation substantially in a [110] direction by crucible interface seeding comprising the steps of: 
 (a) providing a crucible containing lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) starting material comprising Pb 3 O 4 , MgCO 3 , Nb 2 O 5 , and TiO 2 ;    (b) placing the crucible containing the PMN-PT starting material into a furnace having at least two temperature zones and pressurizing the interior of the furnace to a pressure of from 75 to 100 atmospheres with an inert gas;    (c) establishing at least: 
 (i) a first temperature zone having a temperature higher than a melting temperature of the PMN-PT material; and  
 (ii) a second temperature zone having a temperature less than the melting temperature of the PMN-PT material; and  
   (d) exposing the crucible and PMN-PT starting material sequentially to said first temperature zone and then said second temperature zone.    
   
   
       17 . The method of  claim 16 , wherein the crucible is covered with a loosely fitted alumina disk.  
   
   
       18 . The method of  claim 16 , wherein the temperature of the first temperature zone is greater than 1,300° C. and the temperature of the second temperature zone is not more than 1,300° C.  
   
   
       19 . The method of  claim 16 , wherein the crucible descends at a rate of from 0.2 mm/hr to 12 mm/hr.  
   
   
       20 . The method of  claim 16 , wherein the temperature of the first temperature zone and the temperature of the second temperature zone create a temperature gradient in the furnace and said temperature gradient is from 10° C./cm to 50° C./cm.  
   
   
       21 . The method of  claim 16 , wherein in addition to the inert gas, a small partial pressure of oxygen is used to pressurize the furnace.  
   
   
       22 . A single grain crystal of PMN-PT prepared using the method of  claim 16 .  
   
   
       23 . An electroacoustic transducer that includes at least one single crystal of PMN-PT of  claim 22 .  
   
   
       24 . A device that includes the electroacoustic transducer of  claim 23  to detect or generate acoustic waves.  
   
   
       25 . The device of  claim 24 , wherein the device is selected from the group consisting of sonar devices, mine detection devices, hydrophone devices, ultrasonic therapy devices, ultrasonic body fat measuring devices, ultrasonic imaging devices, ultrasonic devices for assessing the structural properties of wooden members, ultrasonic devices for measuring animal backfat, ultrasonic devices for fill level monitoring, ultrasonic devices for flow rate measurement, and ultrasonic devices for inspecting rods used in the core of nuclear reactors.  
   
   
       26 . A single grain crystal of a lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) comprising a (n−1)PMN-(n)PT solid solution with a single crystal orientation substantially in a [110] direction.  
   
   
       27 . An electroacoustic transducer that includes at least one single crystal of PMN-PT of  claim 26 .  
   
   
       28 . A device that includes the electroacoustic transducer of  claim 27  to detect or generate acoustic waves.  
   
   
       29 . The device of  claim 28 , wherein the device is selected from the group consisting of sonar devices, mine detection devices, hydrophone devices, ultrasonic therapy devices, ultrasonic body fat measuring devices, ultrasonic imaging devices, ultrasonic devices for assessing the structural properties of wooden members, ultrasonic devices for measuring animal backfat, ultrasonic devices for fill level monitoring, ultrasonic devices for flow rate measurement, and ultrasonic devices for inspecting rods used in the core of nuclear reactors.  
   
   
       30 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the exposing step (d) includes establishing sequentially controlled first and second temperature zones wherein the zones define a temperature gradient therebetween and wherein the temperature gradient moves relative to said crucible.  
   
   
       31 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the furnace is a vertical Bridgman furnace.  
   
   
       32 . The method of  claim 16 , wherein the exposing step (d) includes establishing sequentially controlled first and second temperature zones wherein the zones define a temperature gradient therebetween and wherein the temperature gradient moves relative to said crucible.  
   
   
       33 . The method of  claim 16 , wherein the furnace is a vertical Bridgman furnace.