US2004185346A1PendingUtilityA1

Electrode having metal vanadium oxide nanoparticles for alkali metal-containing electrochemical cells

43
Priority: Mar 19, 2003Filed: Mar 19, 2003Published: Sep 23, 2004
Est. expiryMar 19, 2023(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
Inventors:Esther S. TakeuchiRandolph LeisingHong GanRobert S. Rubino
H01M 10/0569H01M 4/5825H01M 4/625H01M 10/0587H01M 4/485H01M 4/0471H01M 2004/027H01M 4/136H01M 4/622H01M 6/162H01M 4/40H01M 4/583H01M 4/5835H01M 4/13H01M 10/0568H01M 2004/028H01M 4/131H01M 4/661H01M 4/54A61N 1/378H01M 2300/0025H01M 4/133H01M 10/0525Y02E60/10Y02P70/50
43
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Claims

Abstract

A new cathode design having a second cathode active material of a relatively high energy density but of a relatively low rate capability sandwiched between two current collectors with a first cathode active material having a relatively low energy density but of a relatively high rate capability in contract with the opposite sides of the two current collectors, is described. At least the first cathode active material is of particles having an average diameter less than about 1μ. The present cathode design is useful for powering an implantable medical device requiring a high rate discharge application.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
What is claimed is:  
     
         1 . An electrochemical cell, which comprises: 
 a) an anode of an alkali metal;    b) a cathode of a first cathode active material having a relatively high energy density but a relatively low rate capability short circuited with a second cathode active material having a relatively low energy density but a relatively high rate capability; and    c) a nonaqueous electrolyte activating the anode and the cathode.    
     
     
         2 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 1  wherein at least the second cathode active material is of particles having an average diameter less than about 1μ.  
     
     
         3 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 1  wherein at least the second cathode active material is of particles having an average diameter of about 5 nanometers to about 50 nanometers.  
     
     
         4 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 1  wherein the first cathode active material is selected from the group consisting of CF x , Ag 2 O, Ag 2 O 2 , CuF 2 , Ag 2 CrO 4 , MnO 2 , SVO, and mixtures thereof.  
     
     
         5 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 1  wherein the second cathode active material is selected from the group consisting of SVO, CSVO, V 2 O 5 , MnO 2 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 , CuO 2 , TiS, Cu 2 S, FeS, FeS 2 , copper oxide, copper vanadium oxide, and mixtures thereof.  
     
     
         6 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 1  wherein the cathode has the configuration: SVO/current collector/CF x /current collector/SVO.  
     
     
         7 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 1  wherein the cathode has the configuration: SVO/current collector/SVO/CF x /SVO/current collector/SVO.  
     
     
         8 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 1  wherein the cathode has the configuration: SVO/current collector/CF x , with the SVO facing the anode.  
     
     
         9 . An electrochemical cell, which comprises: 
 a) an anode of an alkali metal;    b) a cathode of a first cathode active material having a relatively high energy density but a relatively low rate capability sandwiched between a first and second current collectors with a second cathode active material having a relatively low energy density but a relatively high rate capability contacting the first and second current collectors opposite the first cathode active material; and    c) a nonaqueous electrolyte activating the anode and the cathode.    
     
     
         10 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 9  wherein at least the second cathode active material is of particles having an average diameter less than about 1μ.  
     
     
         11 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 9  wherein at least the second cathode active material is of particles having an average diameter of about 5 nanometers to about 50 nanometers.  
     
     
         12 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 9  wherein the first cathode active material is selected from the group consisting of CF x , Ag 2 O, Ag 2 O 2 , CuF, Ag 2 CrO 4 , MnO 2 , and mixtures thereof.  
     
     
         13 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 9  wherein the second cathode active material is selected from the group consisting of SVO, CSVO, V 2 O 5 , MnO 2 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 , CuO 2 , TiS, Cu 2 S, FeS, FeS 2 , copper oxide, copper vanadium oxide, and mixtures thereof.  
     
     
         14 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 9  wherein the first and second current collectors are selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, titanium, tantalum, platinum and gold.  
     
     
         15 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 9  wherein the first and second current collectors are titanium having a graphite/carbon material coated thereon.  
     
     
         16 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 9  wherein the anode is lithium, the first cathode active material is CF x , the second cathode active material is SVO and the first and second current collectors are titanium.  
     
     
         17 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 9  wherein the cathode has the configuration: SVO/current collector/CF x /current collector/SVO.  
     
     
         18 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 9  wherein the cathode has the configuration: SVO/current collector/SVO/CF x /SVO/current collector/SVO.  
     
     
         19 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 9  wherein the electrolyte is 0.8M to 1.5M LiAsF 6  or LiPF 6  dissolved in a 50:50 mixture, by volume, of propylene carbonate as the first solvent and 1,2-dimethoxyethane as the second solvent.  
     
     
         20 . An electrochemical cell, which comprises: 
 a) a negative electrode of an anode material;    b) a positive electrode of a cathode active material short circuited with an anode active material; and    c) a nonaqueous electrolyte activating the negative electrode and the positive electrode.    
     
     
         21 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 20  wherein the cathode active material is of particles having an average diameter less than about 1μ.  
     
     
         22 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 20  wherein at least the second cathode active material is of particles having an average diameter of about 5 nanometers to about 50 nanometers.  
     
     
         23 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 20  wherein the cathode active material is selected from the group consisting of V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , SVO, CSVO, MnO 2 , TiS 2 , MoS 2 , NbSe 3 , CuO 2 , Cu 2 S, FeS, FeS 2 , CF x , Ag 2 O, Ag 2 O 2 , CuF, Ag 2 CrO 4 , copper oxide, copper vanadium oxide, polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polysulfides, polyanilines, polyacetylenes, and mixtures thereof.  
     
     
         24 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 20  wherein the anode material is selected from the group consisting of coke, graphite, acetylene black, carbon black, glassy carbon, hairy carbon, hard carbon, Sn, Si, Al, Pb, Zn, Ag, SnO, SnO 2 , SiO, SnO(B 2 O 3 )×(P 2 O 5 ) y, and mixtures thereof.  
     
     
         25 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 20  wherein the positive electrode has the configuration: first cathode active material/current collector/alkali metal/current collector/second cathode active material, wherein the first and second cathode active materials are capable of intercalating and de-intercalating the alkali metal and are the same or different.  
     
     
         26 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 20  wherein the positive electrode has the configuration: first cathode active material/current collector/second cathode active material/alkali metal/third cathode active material/current collector/fourth cathode active material, wherein the first, second, third and fourth cathode active materials are capable of intercalating and de-intercalating the alkali metal and are either the same or different.  
     
     
         27 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 20  wherein the positive electrode has the configuration: cathode active material/current collector/alkali metal, wherein the cathode active material is capable of intercalating and de-intercalating the alkali metal.  
     
     
         28 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 27  wherein the cathode active material faces the negative electrode.  
     
     
         29 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 20  wherein the cathode active material is a vanadium oxide and the positive electrode has the configuration: vanadium oxide/current collector/lithium/current collector/vanadium oxide.  
     
     
         30 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 20  wherein the cathode active material is a vanadium oxide and the positive electrode has the configuration: vanadium oxide/current collector/lithium, with the vanadium oxide facing the negative electrode.  
     
     
         31 . The electrochemical cell of  claim 20  wherein the cathode active material is a vanadium oxide and the positive electrode has the configuration: vanadium oxide/current collector/vanadium oxide/lithium/vanadium oxide/current collector/vanadium oxide.  
     
     
         32 . In combination with an implantable medical device, an electrochemical cell powering the medical device and comprising: 
 a) an anode of an alkali metal;    b) a cathode of a first cathode active material having a relatively high energy density but a relatively low rate capability short circuited with a second cathode active material having a relatively low energy density but a relatively high rate capability; and    c) an electrolyte activating the anode and cathode.    
     
     
         33 . The combination of  claim 32  including providing at least the second cathode active material of particles having an average diameter less than about 1μ.  
     
     
         34 . The combination of  claim 32  wherein at least the second cathode active material is of particles having an average diameter of about 5 nanometers to about 50 nanometers.  
     
     
         35 . The combination of  claim 32  including selecting the first cathode active material from the group consisting of CF x , Ag 2 O, Ag 2 O 2 , CuF, Ag 2 CrO 4 , MnO 2 , and mixtures thereof.  
     
     
         36 . The combination of  claim 32  including selecting the second cathode active material from the group consisting of SVO, CSVO, V 2 O 5 , MnO 2 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 , CuO 2 , TiS, Cu 2 S, FeS, FeS 2 , copper oxide, copper vanadium oxide, and mixtures thereof.  
     
     
         37 . The combination of  claim 32  wherein the anode is lithium, the first cathode active material is CF x , the second cathode active material is SVO.  
     
     
         38 . The combination of  claim 32  including providing the cathode having the configuration: SVO/current collector/CF x /current collector/SVO.  
     
     
         39 . The combination of  claim 32  including providing the cathode having the configuration: SVO/current collector/SVO/CF x /SVO/current collector/SVO.  
     
     
         40 . The combination of  claim 32  including providing the anode of lithium and the cathode having the configuration: SVO/current collector/CF x , with the SVO facing the lithium anode.  
     
     
         41 . The combination of  claim 32  wherein the implantable medical device is selected from the group consisting of a cardiac pacemaker, a cardiac defibrillator, a neuro-stimulator, a drug delivery system, a bone-healing implant, and a hearing implant.  
     
     
         42 . A method for providing an electrochemical cell, comprising the steps of: 
 a) providing a negative electrode of an anode material;    b) providing a positive electrode of an alkali metal short circuited with a cathode active material; and    c) activating the negative electrode and the positive electrode with a nonaqueous electrolyte.    
     
     
         43 . The method of  claim 42  including providing at least the second cathode active material of particles having an average diameter less than about 1μ.  
     
     
         44 . The method of  claim 42  including providing at least the second cathode active material of particles having an average diameter of about 5 nanometers to about 50 nanometers.  
     
     
         45 . The method of  claim 42  including providing at least the first cathode active material by a process selected from the group consisting of sol-gel synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, combustion chemical vapor deposition, laser pyrolysis, a decomposition reaction, and a combination reaction.  
     
     
         46 . The method of  claim 42  including providing the positive electrode having the configuration: first cathode active material/current collector/alkali metal/current collector/second cathode active material, wherein the first and second cathode active materials are capable of intercalating and de-intercalating the alkali metal and are the same or different.  
     
     
         47 . The method of  claim 42  including providing the positive electrode having the configuration: first cathode active material/current collector/second cathode active material/alkali metal/third cathode active material/current collector/fourth cathode active material, wherein the first, second, third and fourth cathode active materials are capable of intercalating and de-intercalating the alkali metal and are either the same or different.  
     
     
         48 . The method of  claim 42  including providing the positive electrode having the configuration: cathode active material/current collector/alkali metal, wherein the cathode active material is capable of intercalating and de-intercalating the alkali metal and faces the negative electrode.  
     
     
         49 . The method of  claim 42  including providing the cathode active material as a vanadium oxide with the positive electrode having the configuration: vanadium oxide/current collector/lithium/current collector/vanadium oxide.  
     
     
         50 . The method of  claim 42  including providing the cathode active material as a vanadium oxide with the positive electrode having the configuration: vanadium oxide/current collector/lithium, with the vanadium oxide facing the negative electrode.  
     
     
         51 . The method of  claim 42  including providing the cathode active material as a vanadium oxide selected from the group consisting of V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , silver vanadium oxide, copper silver vanadium oxide, and mixtures thereof.  
     
     
         52 . The method of  claim 42  including selecting the cathode active material from the group consisting of V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , SVO, CSVO, MnO 2 , TiS 2 , MoS 2 , NbSe 3 , CuO 2 , Cu 2 S, FeS, FeS 2 , CF x , Ag 2 O, Ag 2 O 2 , CuF, Ag 2 CrO 4 , copper oxide, copper vanadium oxide, and mixtures thereof.  
     
     
         53 . The method of  claim 42  including selecting the anode material from the group consisting of coke, graphite, acetylene black, carbon black, glassy carbon, hairy carbon, hard carbon, Sn, Si, Al, Pb, Zn, Ag, SnO, SnO 2 , SiO, SnO(B 2 O 3 ) x (P 2 O 5 ) y , and mixtures thereof.

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