Functional fluorine-containing polymers and ionomers derived therefrom

Abstract

This invention concerns functional fluorine-containing copolymers compositions and ionomers derived therefrom. The ionomers formed are useful in electrochemical applications such as batteries, fuel cells, in exchange membranes, sensors and the like.

We claim:  
     
         1 . A polymer composition comprising a polymer, I, and the alkali metal sulfonate, ammonium sulfonate, sulfonic acid, and sulfonyl methide, both acid and salt, derivatives thereof, said polymer, I,  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       comprising an amorphous segment, Ia, and a crystalline segment, Ib, wherein R f  is a linear or branched perfluoroalkenyl or perfluoroalkenyl ether diradical, the ratio u:v is in the range of 85:15 to 50:50; the ratio x:y is in the range of 100:0 to 87:13; said polymer being a copolymer of monomers IIa and IIb,  
       CF 2 ═CH 2   IIaCF 2 ═CF—O—R f —SO 2 F  IIb  
       said polymer being characterized in that the melting point thereof lies above the melting point of a fully random copolymer of monomers IIa and IIb of the same overall composition, and lies at least 5° C. below the melting point of poly(vinylidene fluoride).  
     
     
         2 . The polymer composition of  claim 1  further comprising the proviso that the ratio a:b is such that the overall concentration of monomer units derived from monomer IIb in said polymer is in the range of 6 mole % to 12 mole %.  
     
     
         3 . The polymer composition of  claim 1  wherein the u:v ratio is in the range of 83:17 to 64:36.  
     
     
         4 . The polymer composition of  claim 1  wherein the x:y ratio is in the range of 100:0 to 93:7.  
     
     
         5 . The polymer composition of  claim 1  wherein R f  is  
       —CF 2 CF(CF 3 )—O—CF 2 CF 2 — 
     
     
         6 . The polymer composition of  claim 1 ,  claim 2 , or  claim 5  wherein the polymer is an ionomer represented by the formula:  
       [(CF 2 CH 2 ) u (CF 2 —CF—O—R f —SO 3   −+ M) v ] a [(CF 2 CH 2 ) x (CF 2 —CF—O—R f SO 3   −+ M) y ] b    
       wherein M is alkali metal, ammonium, or hydrogen.  
     
     
         7 . The polymer composition of  claim 6  wherein M is lithium.  
     
     
         8 . The polymer composition of  claim 1 ,  claim 2 , or  claim 5  wherein the polymer is an ionomer represented by the formula:  
       [(CF 2 CH 2 ) u (CF 2 —CF—O—R f —SO 2 C(CN) 2   −+ M) v ] a [(CF 2 CH 2 ) x (CF 2 —CF—O—R f —SO 2 C(CN) 2   −+ M) y ] b    
       wherein M is alkali metal or hydrogen.  
     
     
         9 . The polymer composition of  claim 8  wherein M is lithium.  
     
     
         10 . The composition of  claim 6  further comprising a polar liquid.  
     
     
         11 . The polymer composition of  claim 10  wherein M is hydrogen and the liquid is water or alcohol.  
     
     
         12 . The polymer composition of  claim 10  wherein M is lithium and liquid is an organic carbonate.  
     
     
         13 . The polymer composition of  claim 8  further comprising a polar liquid.  
     
     
         14 . The polymer composition of  claim 13  wherein M is hydrogen and the liquid is water or alcohol.  
     
     
         15 . The polymer composition of  claim 13  wherein M is lithium and the liquid is an organic carbonate.  
     
     
         16 . An electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and a separator wherein at least one of said anode, cathode, or separator comprises the ionomer of  claim 6 .  
     
     
         17 . An electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and a separator wherein at least one of said anode, cathode, or separator comprises the ionomer of  claim 8 .  
     
     
         18 . A process for forming a graft copolymer of the formula I, the process comprising combining the monomer IIb at a concentration of 0.2 to 0.6 g/ml with water and a fluorosurfactant and agitating said combination to form an emulsion having a droplet size of no greater than 0.5 micrometers; 
 in a reaction vessel, combining in water said emulsion with monomer IIa at a first monomer concentration ratio and a free-radical initiator;    allowing said monomers to polymerize to form a first copolymer which may be amorphous or crystalline;    in a reaction vessel which may be the same or different, combining in water said first copolymer with an additional amount of said emulsion of monomer IIb and an additional amount of monomer IIa, at a second monomer concentration ratio, and an additional amount of a free radical initiator, and allowing said further amounts of monomer to polymerize to form a second copolymer, said second copolymer being crystalline if said first copolymer is amorphous and said second copolymer being amorphous if said first copolymer is crystalline;    wherein said first and second concentration ratios of monomer IIa to monomer IIb are in the range of 85:15 to 50:50 on a molar basis when the desired copolymer is amorphous, and in the range of 100:0 to 87:13 when the desired polymer is crystalline.    
     
     
         18 . The process of  claim 18  further comprising controlling the ratio of amorphous polymer concentration to crystalline polymer concentration so that the overall concentration of monomer units derived from monomer IIb is in the range of 6-12 mole %.  
     
     
         20 . The process of  claim 18  wherein said first and second concentration ratios of monomer IIa to monomer lib are in the range of 83:17 to 64:36 on a molar basis when the desired copolymer is amorphous, and in the range of 100:0 to 93:7 when the desired polymer is crystalline.  
     
     
         21 . The process of  claim 18  wherein wherein R f  is  
       —CF 2 CF(CF 3 )—O—CF 2 CF 2 — 
     
     
         22 . The process of  claim 18  further comprising hydrolyzing the product thereof to form an ionomer.  
     
     
         23 . A polymer composition comprising a polymer, I, and the alkali metal sulfonate, ammonium sulfonate, sulfonic acid, and sulfonyl methide, both acid and salt, derivatives thereof, said polymer, I,  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       comprising an amorphous segment, Ia, and a crystalline segment, Ib, wherein R f  is a linear or branched perfluoroalkenyl or perfluoroalkenyl ether diradical, the ratio u:v is in the range of 85:15 to 50:50; the ratio x:y is in the range of 100:0 to 87:13; said polymer being a copolymer of monomers IIa and IIb,  
       CF 2 ═CH 2   IIa CF 2 ═CF—O—R f SO 2 F  IIb  said polymer being characterized in that the melting point thereof lies above the melting point of a fully random copolymer of monomers IIa and IIb of the same overall composition, and lies at least 5° C. below the melting point of poly(vinylidene fluoride);    said polymer I and the alkali metal sulfonate, ammonium sulfonate, sulfonic acid, and sulfonyl methide, both acid and salt, derivatives thereof, being prepared by a process comprising    combining the monomer IIb at a concentration of 0.2 to 0.6 g/ml with water and a fluorosurfactant and agitating said combination to form an emulsion having a droplet size of no greater than 0.5 micrometers;    in a reaction vessel, combining in water said emulsion with monomer IIa at a first monomer concentration ratio and a free-radical initiator;    allowing said monomers to polymerize to form a first copolymer which may be amorphous or crystalline;    in a reaction vessel which may be the same or different, combining in water said first copolymer with an additional amount of said emulsion of monomer IIb and an additional amount of monomer IIa, at a second monomer concentration ratio, and an additional amount of a free radical initiator, and allowing said further amounts of monomer to polymerize to form a second copolymer, said second copolymer being crystalline if said first copolymer is amorphous and said second copolymer being amorphous if said first copolymer is crystalline;    wherein said first and second concentration ratios of monomer IIa to monomer IIb are in the range of 85:15 to 50:50 on a molar basis when the desired copolymer is amorphous, and in the range of 100:0 to 87:13 when the desired polymer is crystalline;    and, hydrolyzing polymer I when the desired product is an ionomer.    
     
     
         24 . The polymer composition of  claim 23  further comprising the proviso that the ratio a:b is such that the overall concentration of monomer units derived from monomer IIb in said polymer is in the range of 6 mole % to 12 mole %.  
     
     
         25 . The polymer composition of  claim 23  wherein the u:v ratio is in the range of 83:17 to 64:36.  
     
     
         26 . The polymer composition of  claim 23  wherein the x:y ratio is in the range of 100:0 to 93:7.  
     
     
         27 . The polymer composition of  claim 23  wherein R f  is  
       —CF 2 CF(CF 3 )—O—CF 2 CF 2 — 
     
     
         28 . The polymer composition of  claim 23 ,  claim 24 , or  claim 27  wherein the polymer is an ionomer represented by the formula:  
       [(CF 2 CH 2 ) u (CF 2 —CF—O—R f —SO 3   −+ M) v ] a [(CF 2 CH 2 ) x (CF 2 —CF—O—R f —SO 3   −+ M) y ] b    
       wherein M is alkali metal, ammonium, or hydrogen.  
     
     
         29 . The polymer composition of  claim 28  wherein M is lithium.  
     
     
         30 . The polymer composition of  claim 23 ,  claim 24 , or  claim 27  wherein the polymer is an ionomer represented by the formula:  
       [(CF 2 CH 2 ) u (CF 2 —CF—O—R f —SO 2 C(CN) 2   −+ M) v ] a [(CF 2 CH 2 ) x (CF 2 —CF—O—R f —SO 2 C(CN) 2   −+ M) y ] b    
       wherein M is alkali metal or hydrogen.  
     
     
         31 . The polymer composition of  claim 30  wherein M is lithium.  
     
     
         32 . The process of  claim 23  further comprising controlling the ratio of amorphous polymer concentration to crystalline polymer concentration so that the overall concentration of monomer units derived from monomer IIb is in the range of 6-12 mole %.  
     
     
         33 . The process of  claim 23  wherein said first and second concentration ratios of monomer IIa to monomer IIb are in the range of 83:17 to 64:36 on a molar basis when the desired copolymer is amorphous, and in the range of 100:0 to 93:7 when the desired polymer is crystalline.  
     
     
         34 . The process of  claim 23  wherein wherein R f  is  
       —CF 2 CF(CF 3 )—O—CF 2 CF 2 —