Methods of modulating tyrosine protein kinase function with indolinone compounds

Abstract

The invention relates to certain indolinone compounds, their method of synthesis, and a combinatorial library consisting of the indolinone compounds. The invention also relates to methods of modulating the function of protein tyrosine kinases using indolinone compounds and methods of treating diseases by modulating the function of protein tyrosine kinases and related signal transduction pathways.

What is claimed is:  
     
         1 . An indolinone compound having a structure set forth in formula I:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein 
 (A) Q is an optionally substituted oxindole moiety bonded with the rest of the molecule through position 3 of the oxindole ring; and  
 (B) T is a ring moiety having the structure set forth in formula III:  
                     
 wherein 
 (a) R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7  are independently selected from the group consisting of 
 (i) hydrogen;  
 (ii) saturated or unsaturated alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, ester, and a five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moiety, wherein said ring moiety is optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester moieties;  
 (iii) an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester moieties;  
 (iv) an aliphatic or heteroaliphatic ring optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, ester, and an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester moieties;  
 (v) an amine of formula —(X 1 ) n1 —NX 2 X 3 , wherein X 1  is selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated alkyl and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aliphatic ring moieties and wherein n1 is 0 or 1, and wherein X 2  and X 3  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aliphatic ring moieties;  
 (vi) a nitro of formula —NO 2 ;  
 (vii) a halogen or trihalomethyl;  
 (viii) a ketone of formula —(X 4 ) n4 —CO—X 5 , wherein X 4  and X 5  are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, ester, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring moieties are optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester moieties and wherein n4 is 0 or 1;  
 (ix) a carboxylic acid of formula —(X 6 ) n6 —COOH or ester of formula —(X 7 ) n7 —COO—X 8 , wherein X 6 , X 7 , and X 8  and are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties and wherein n6 and n7 are independently 0 or 1;  
 (x) an alcohol of formula —(X 9 ) n9 —OH or an alkoxyalkyl moiety of formula —(X 10 ) n10 —O—X 11 , wherein X 9 , X 10 , and X 11  are independently selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester and wherein n9 and n10 are independently 0 or 1;  
 (xi) an amide of formula —(X 12 ) n12 —NHCOX 13 , or of formula —(X 14 ) n14 —CONX 15 X 16 , wherein X 12  and X 14  are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester and wherein n12 and n14 are independently 0 or 1, and wherein X 13 , X 14 , X 15 , and X 16  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester;  
 (xii) a sulfonamide of formula —(X 17 ) n17 —SO 2 NX 18 X 19 , wherein X 17  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, or ester, and wherein X 18 , and X 19  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, or ester, and wherein X 18  and X 19  taken together form a five-membered or six-membered aliphatic or heteroaliphatic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester, and wherein n17 is 0 or 1;  
 (xiii) an aldehyde of formula —(X 20 ) n20 —CO—H wherein X 20  is selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester and wherein n20 is 0 or 1;  
 (xiv) a sulfone of formula —(X 21 ) n21 —SO 2 —X 22 , wherein X 22  is selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, saturated or unsaturated alkyl and five-membered or six-membered aryl or heteroaryl moieties and wherein X 21  is selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester and wherein n21 is 0 or 1; and  
 (xv) a thiol of formula —(X 23 ) n23 —SH or a thioether of formula —(X 24 ) n24 —S—X 25 , wherein X 23  and X 24  are independently selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester, and wherein n23 and n24 are independently 0 or 1, and wherein X 25  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester;  
 
 (b) X is selected from the group consisting of NX 26 , sulfur, SO, SO 2 , and oxygen, wherein X 26  is selected from the group consisting of 
 (i) hydrogen;  
 (ii) saturated or unsaturated alkyl optionally substituted with a five-membered or six-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring moiety, wherein said ring moiety is optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester moieties;  
 (iii) an aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester moieties;  
 (iv) a sulfone of formula —SO 2 —X 27 , wherein X 27  is selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated alkyl and five-membered or six-membered aryl or heteroaryl moieties; and  
 (v) an acyl of formula —C(O)X 28 , wherein X 28  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, saturated and unsaturated alkyl, aryl, and a five-membered or six-membered ring moiety;  
 
 c) ring Y is selected from the group consisting of five-membered, six-membered, and seven-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, or non-aromatic rings, wherein said heteroaromatic ring contains a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and wherein said non-aromatic ring in combination with R 4  optionally forms a carbonyl functionality;  
 (d) G, J, and L are selected from the group consisting of carbon and nitrogen; and  
 (e) T is bonded to the rest of the molecule at the position of the ring marked with an asterisk (*) in formula III.  
 
 
     
     
         2 . The compound of  claim 1 , wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of type Q oxindoles.  
     
     
         3 . The compound of  claim 1 , wherein R 4  and R 5  are independently selected from the group consisting of 
 (i) hydrogen;    (ii) methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl groups optionally substituted with substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, trihalomethyl, cyano, and nitro moieties;    (iii) an amine of formula —(X 1 ) n1 —NX 2 X 3 , wherein X 2  and X 3  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted saturated alkyl, and X 1  is optionally substituted saturated alkyl, and wherein n1 is 0 or 1, or wherein X 2  and X 3  taken together form a five-membered or a six-membered aliphatic or heteroaliphatic ring, optionally substituted at a ring carbon atom or hetero atom with a substituent selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, phenyl, and alkoxyphenyl;    (iv) a nitro of formula —NO 2 ;    (v) a halogen or trihalomethyl;    (vi) a ketone of formula —CO—X 4 , wherein X 4  is selected from the group consiting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, and t-butyl;    (vii) a carboxylic acid of formula —(X 6 ) n6 —COOH or ester of formula —(X 7 ) n7 —COO—X 8 , wherein X 6  and X 7  are selected from the group conssiting of a bond, methylene, ethylene, and propylene, and wherein X 8  is selected from the group consisting of methyl and ethyl, and wherein n6 and n7 are independently 0 or 1;    (viii) an amide of formula —NHCOX 13 , or of formula —CONX 15 X 16 , wherein X 13 , X 15 , and X 16  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and phenyl;    (ix) a sulfonamide of formula —SO 2 NX 18 X 19 , wherein X 18  and X 19  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl;    (x) an alcohol of formula —(X 9 ) n9 —OH or an alkoxyalkyl moiety of formula —(X 10 ) n10 —O—X 11 , wherein X 9 , and X 10  are independently selected form the group consisting of methylene, ethylene, and propylene, and wherein X 11  is independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, and propyl, and wherein n9 and n10 are independently 0 or 1;    (xi) a sulfone of formula —(X 21 ) n21 —SO 2 —X 22 , wherein X 22  is selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and five-membered or six-membered aryl or heteroaryl moieties, and wherein X 21  is saturated alkyl, and wherein n21 is 0 or 1; and    (xii) a thioether of formula —(X 24 ) n24 —S—X 25 , wherein X 24  is independently selected from the group consisting of methylene, ethylene, and propylene, and wherein X 25  is independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and phenyl, and wherein n24 is 0 or 1.    
     
     
         4 . The compound of  claim 3 , wherein R 4  and R 5  are independently selected from the group consisting of 
 (i) hydrogen;    (ii) methyl and ethyl;    (iii) an amine of formula —(X 1 ) n1 —NX 2 X 3 , wherein X 2  and X 3  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen methyl and ethyl, and X 1  is methylene or ethylene, and wherein n1 is 0 or 1, or wherein X 2  and X 3  taken together form an optionally substituted ring selected from the group consisting of                          (iv) a nitro of formula —NO 2 ;    (v) a halogen;    (vi) a ketone of formula —CO—X 4 , wherein X 4  is selected from the group consiting of methyl and t-butyl;    (vii) a carboxylic acid of formula —(X 6 ) n6 —COOH or ester of formula —(X 7 ) n7 —COO—X 8 , wherein X 6  and X 7  are selected from the group conssiting of a bond, methylene, ethylene, and propylene, and wherein X 8  is selected from the group consisting of methyl and ethyl, and wherein n6 and n7 are independently 0 or 1;    (viii) an amide of formula —NHCOX 13 , or of formula —CONX 15 X 16 , wherein X 13 , X 15 , and X 16  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and phenyl;    (ix) a sulfonamide of formula —SO 2 NX 18 X 19 , wherein X 18  and X 19  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl;    (x) an alcohol of formula —(X 9 ) n9 —OH or an alkoxyalkyl moiety of formula —(X 10 ) n10 —O—X 11 , wherein X 9 , and X 10  are independently selected form the group consisting of methylene, ethylene, and propylene, and wherein X 11  is independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, and propyl, and wherein n9 and n10 are independently 0 or 1;    (xi) a sulfone of formula —SO 2 OH; and    (xii) a thioether of formula —S-phenyl.    
     
     
         5 . The compound of  claim 3 , wherein R 6  and R 7  are independently selected from the group consisting of 
 (i) hydrogen;    (ii) methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl groups optionally substituted with halogen, trihalomethyl, cyano, and nitro moieties;    (iii) an amine of formula —(X 1 ) n1 —NX 2 X 3 , wherein X 2  and X 3  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted saturated alkyl, and X 1  is an optionally substituted saturated alkylene, and wherein n1 is 0 or 1;    (iv) a halogen or trihalomethyl;    (v) an alcohol of formula —(X 9 ) n9 —OH or an alkoxyalkyl moiety of formula —(X 10 ) n10 —O—X 11 , wherein X 9 , and X 10  are independently selected form the group consisting of methylene, ethylene, and propylene, and wherein X 11  is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, and propyl, and wherein n9 and n10 are independently 0 or 1.    
     
     
         6 . The compound of  claim 5 , wherein R 6  and R 7  are independently selected from the group consisting of 
 (i) hydrogen;    (ii) methyl and ethyl;    (iii) an amine of formula —(X 1 ) n1 —NX 2 X 3 , wherein X 2  and X 3  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl, and X 1  is selected from the group consisting of methylene and ethylene, and wherein n1 is 0 or 1;    (iv) a halogen;    (v) a hydroxy —OH or an alkoxy moiety of formula —O—X 11 , wherein X 11  is independently selected form the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, and propyl.    
     
     
         7 . The compound of  claim 6 , wherein Y is a six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring.  
     
     
         8 . The compound of  claim 6 , wherein Y is a six-membered aliphatic or heteroaliphatic ring.  
     
     
         9 . The compound of  claim 8 , wherein Y forms a ring selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         10 . The compound of  claim 6 , wherein G is nitrogen.  
     
     
         11 . The compound of  claim 6 , wherein J is nitrogen.  
     
     
         12 . The compound of  claim 6 , wherein L is nitrogen.  
     
     
         13 . The compound of  claim 6 , wherein X is nitrogen, optionally substituted with alkyl.  
     
     
         14 . The compound of  claim 6 , wherein X is selected from the group consisting of sulfur, SO, and SO 2 .  
     
     
         15 . The compound of  claim 6 , wherein X is oxygen.  
     
     
         16 . The compound of  claim 6 , wherein T is selected from the group consisting of type T aldehydes.  
     
     
         17 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising 
 (i) a physiologically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient; and    (ii) a compound according to  claim 1 , or a salt thereof.    
     
     
         18 . A method of modulating the function of a protein tyrosine kinase with an indolinone compound according to  claim 1 , comprising the step of contacting cells expressing said protein tyrosine kinase with said compound.  
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein said indolinone compound modulates the activity of said protein tyrosine kinase in vitro.  
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein said protein tyrosine kinase is HER2.  
     
     
         21 . A method of identifying an indolinone compound according to  claim 1  that modulate the function of protein tyrosine kinase, comprising the following steps: 
 (a) contacting cells expressing said protein tyrosine kinase with said compound; and  
 (b) monitoring an effect upon said cells.  
 
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein said effect is a change or an absence of a change in cell phenotype.  
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein said effect is a change or an absence of a change in cell proliferation.  
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein said effect is a change or absence of a change in the catalytic activity of said protein tyrosine kinase.  
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein said effect is a change or absence of a change in the interaction between said protein tyrosine kinase with a natural binding partner.  
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 21 , comprising the following steps: 
 (a) lysing said cells to render a lysate comprising protein tyrosine kinase;    (b) adsorbing said protein tyrosine kinase to an antibody;    (c) incubating said adsorbed protein tyrosine kinase with a substrate or substrates; and    (d) adsorbing said substrate or substrates to a solid support or antibody;    wherein said step of monitoring said effect on said cells comprises measuring the phosphate concentration of said substrate or substrates.    
     
     
         27 . A method for treating a disease related to unregulated tyrosine kinase signal transduction, the method comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to  claim 1 .  
     
     
         28 . A method of modulating tyrosine kinase signal transduction comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to  claim 1 .  
     
     
         29 . A method of preventing or treating an abnormal condition in an organism, wherein said abnormal condition is associated with an aberration in a signal transduction pathway characterized by an interaction between a protein kinase and a natural binding partner, wherein said method comprises the following steps: 
 (a) administering a compound of  claim 1;  and    (b) promoting or disrupting the abnormal interaction.    
     
     
         30 . The method of claim  41 , wherein said organism is a mammal.  
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 29 , wherein said abnormal condition is cancer.  
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 29 , wherein said abnormal condition is selected from the group consisting of hypertension, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, post-traumatic stress syndrome, avoidant personality disorder, sexual dysfunction, eating disorders, obesity, chemical dependencies, cluster headache, migraine, pain, Alzheimer's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, memory disorders, Parkinson's disease, endocrine disorders, vasospasm, cerebellar ataxia, and gastrointestinal tract disorders.  
     
     
         33 . An oxindole compound of formula V  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein R 8  is selected from the group consisting of 
 (i) saturated alkyl, optionally substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, trihalomethyl, nitro, and cyano moieties, provided that said alkyl is not methyl;  
 (ii) an amine of formula —(X 1 ) n1 —NX 2 X 3 , wherein X 1  is selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aliphatic ring moieties and wherein n1 is 0 or 1, and wherein X 2  and X 3  taken together form a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaliphatic ring;  
 (iii) an iodine;  
 (iv) a ketone of formula —(X 4 ) n4 —CO—X 5 , wherein X 4  and X 5  are independently alkyl and wherein n4 is 0 or 1;  
 (v) a carboxylic acid of formula —(X 6 ) n6 —COOH or ester of formula —(X 7 ) n7 —COO—X 8 , wherein X 6 , X 7 , and X 8  and are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties and wherein n6 and n7 are independently 0 or 1;  
 (vi) an amide of formula —(X 12 ) n12 —NHCOX 13 , or of formula —(X 14 ) n14 —CONX 18 X 16 , wherein X 12  and X 14  are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester and wherein n12 and n14 are independently 0 or 1, and wherein X 13 , X 15 , and X 16  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester; and  
 (vii) a sulfonamide of formula —(X 17 ) n17 —SO 2 NX 18 X 19 , wherein X 17  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, or ester, and wherein X 18 , and X 19  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, or ester, and wherein X 18  and X 19  taken together form a five-membered or six-membered aliphatic or heteroaliphatic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester and where n17 is 0 or 1.  
 
     
     
         34 . The oxindole compound of  claim 33 , wherein said oxindole compound is selected from the group consisting of  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         35 . An oxindole compound of formula VI  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein R 9  is selected from the group consisting of 
 (i) an amine of formula —(X 1 ) n1 —NX 2 X 3 , wherein X 1 , X 2 , and X 3  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aliphatic ring moieties and wherein n1 is 0 or 1;  
 (ii) a nitro of formula —NO 2 ;  
 (iii) a chlorine, bromine, or iodine;  
 (iv) a ketone of formula —(X 4 ) n4 —CO—X 5 , wherein X 4  and X 5  are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, ester, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring moieties are optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester moieties and wherein n4 is 0 or 1;  
 (v) a carboxylic acid of formula —(X 6 ) n6 —COOH or ester of formula —(X 7 ) n7 —COO—X 8 , wherein X 6 , X 7 , and X 8  and are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties and wherein n6 and n7 are independently 0 or 1;  
 (vi) an amide of formula —(X 12 ) n12 —NHCOX 13 , or of formula —(X 14 ) n14 —CONX 15 X 16 , wherein X 12  and X 14  are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester and wherein n12 and n14 are independently 0 or 1, and wherein X 13 , X 15 , and X 16  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester; and  
 (vii) a sulfonamide of formula —(X 17 ) n17 —SO 2 NX 18 X 19 , wherein X 17  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, or ester, and wherein X 18 , and X 19  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, or ester, and wherein X 18  and X 19  taken together form a five-membered or six-membered aliphatic or heteroaliphatic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester and where n17 is 0 or 1.  
 
     
     
         36 . The oxindole compound of  claim 35 , wherein said oxindole compound is selected from the group consisting of  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         37 . An oxindole compound of formula VII  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein R 10  is selected from the group consisting of 
 (i) an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, amide, and ester moieties;  
 (ii) an aliphatic or heteroaliphatic ring optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, ester, and an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester moieties;  
 (iii) an amine of formula —(X 1 ) n1 —NX 2 X 3 , wherein X 1  is selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aliphatic ring moieties and wherein n1 is 0 or 1, and wherein X 2  and X 3  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aliphatic ring moieties, or wherein X 2  and X 3  taken together form a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaliphatic ring;  
 (iv) a nitro of formula —NO 2 ;  
 (v) a bromine;  
 (vi) a ketone of formula —(X 4 ) n4 —CO—X 5 , wherein X 4  and X 5  are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, ester, and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties, wherein said ring moieties are optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester moieties and wherein n4 is 0 or 1;  
 (vii) a carboxylic acid of formula —(X 6 ) n6 —COOH or ester of formula —(X 7 ) n7 —COO—X 8 , wherein X 6 , X 7 , and X 8  and are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties and wherein n6 and n7 are independently 0 or 1;  
 (viii) a sulfonamide of formula —(X 17 ) n17 —SO 2 NX 18 X 19 , wherein X 17  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, or ester, and wherein X 18 , and X 19  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, five-membered or six-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic ring moieties optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, or ester, and wherein X 18  and X 19  taken together form a five-membered or six-membered aliphatic or heteroaliphatic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, carboxylate, nitro, and ester and where n17 is 0 or 1.  
 
     
     
         38 . The oxindole compound of  claim 37 , wherein said oxindole compound is selected from the group consisting of  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         39 . An oxindole compound, wherein said oxindole compound is selected from the group consisting of