US2003144256A1PendingUtilityA1

Male anti-fertility agents

Assignee: ALLERGAN SALES INCPriority: Oct 8, 1998Filed: Nov 25, 2002Published: Jul 31, 2003
Est. expiryOct 8, 2018(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
A61P 15/16A61K 31/195A61K 31/203A61K 31/47A61K 31/382A61K 31/196A61K 31/00A61K 31/353A61K 31/695
51
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Claims

Abstract

Methods and compositions for inhibiting or preventing spermatogenesis in a male mammal. Also disclosed are compounds and formulations for use in such methods.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
What is claimed is:  
     
         1 . A method for inhibiting the ability of a male mammal to conceive progeny, comprising: regularly administering to said male mammal an effective amount of an RAR antagonist or inverse agonist for a period of time effective to sufficiently reduce or eliminate spermatozoa in the semen of said male mammal.  
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein 
 X is S, O, NR′ where R′ is H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, or  
 X is [C(R 1 ) 2 ] n  where R 1  is independently H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and n is an integer between, and including, 0 and 2, and;  
 R 2  is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , fluoro substituted alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, OH, SH, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons, or alkylthio of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 3  is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons or F, and;  
 m is an integer having the value of 0-3, and;  
 o is an integer having the value of 0-3, and; 
 Z is —C═C—,  
 —N═N—,  
 —N═CR 1 —,  
 —CR 1 ═N,  
 —(CR 1 ═CR 1 ) n′ — where n′ is an integer having the value 0-5,  
 —CO—NR 1 —,  
 —CS—NR 1 —,  
 —NR— 1 —CO,  
 —NR— 1 —CS,  
 —COO—,  
 —OCO—;  
 —CSO—;  
 —OCS—;  
 
 Y is a phenyl or naphthyl group, or heteroaryl selected from a group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl and heteroaryl groups being optionally substituted with one or two R 2  groups, or  
 when Z is —(CR 1 ═CR 1 ) n′ — and n′ is 3, 4 or 5 then Y represents a direct valence bond between said (CR 2 ═CR 2 ) n′  group and B;  
 A is (CH 2 ) q  where q is 0-5, lower branched chain alkyl having 3-6 carbons, cycloalkyl having 3-6 carbons, alkenyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 double bonds, alkynyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 triple bonds;  
 B is hydrogen, COOH or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, COOR 8 , CONR 9 R 10 , —CH 2 OH, CH 2 OR 11 , CH 2 OCOR 11 , CHO, CH(OR 12 ) 2 , CHOR 13 O, —COR 7 , CR 7 (OR 12 ) 2 , CR 7 OR 13 O, or tri-lower alkylsilyl, where R 7  is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkenyl group containing 1 to 5 carbons, R 8  is an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons or trimethylsilylalkyl where the alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 10 carbons, or R 8  is phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 9  and R 10  independently are hydrogen, an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5-10 carbons, or phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 11  is lower alkyl, phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 12  is lower alkyl, and R 13  is divalent alkyl radical of 2-5 carbons, and  
 R 14  is (R 15 ) r -phenyl, (R 15 ) r -naphthyl, or (R 15 ) r -heteroaryl where the heteroaryl group has 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, r is an integer having the values of 0-5, and  
 R 15  is independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, NO 2 , N(R 8 ) 2 , N(R 8 )COR 8 , NR 8 CON(R 8 ) 2 , OH, OCOR 8 , OR 8 , CN, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, fluoro substituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, an alkenyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 double bonds, alkynyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 triple bonds, or a trialkylsilyl or trialkylsilyloxy group where the alkyl groups independently have 1 to 6 carbons.  
 
       
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein 
 X is S, O, NR′ where R′ is H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, or  
 X is [C(R) 2 ] n  where R 1  is independently H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and n is an integer between, and including, 0 and 2, and;  
 R 2  is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , fluoro substituted alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, OH, SH, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons, or alkylthio of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 3  is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons or F, and;  
 m is an integer having the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3, and;  
 o is an integer having the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3, and;  
 Y is a phenyl or naphthyl group, or heteroaryl selected from a group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl and heteroaryl groups being optionally substituted with one or two R 2  groups, and;  
 A is (CH 2 ) q  where q is 0-5, lower branched chain alkyl having 3-6 carbons, cycloalkyl having 3-6 carbons, alkenyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 double bonds, alkynyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 triple bonds, and;  
 B is hydrogen, COOH or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, COOR 8 , CONR 9 R 10 , —CH 2 OH, CH 2 OR 11 , CH 2 OCOR 11 , CHO, CH(OR 12 ) 2 , CHOR 13 O, —COR 7 , CR 7 (OR 12 ) 2 , CR 7 OR 13 O, or tri-lower alkylsilyl, where R 7  is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkenyl group containing 1 to 5 carbons, R 8  is an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons or trimethylsilylalkyl where the alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 10 carbons, or R 8  is phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 9  and R 10  independently are hydrogen, an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5-10 carbons, or phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 11  is lower alkyl, phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 12  is lower alkyl, and R 13  is divalent alkyl radical of 2-5 carbons, and;  
 R 14  is (R 15 ) r -phenyl, (R 15 ) r -naphthyl, or (R 15 ) r -heteroaryl where the heteroaryl group has 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, r is an integer having the values of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and;  
 R 15  is independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, NO 2 , N(R 8 ) 2 , N(R 8 )COR 8 , NR 8 CON(R 8 ) 2 , OH, OCOR 8 , OR 8 , CN, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, fluoro substituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, an alkenyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 double bonds, alkynyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 triple bonds, or a trialkylsilyl or trialkylsilyloxy group where the alkyl groups independently have 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 16  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 17  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, OH or OCOR 11 , and;  
 p is zero or 1, with the proviso that when p is 1 then there is no R 17  substituent group, and m is an integer between, and including, 0 and 2.  
 
       
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       where 
 X is C(R 1 ) 2  or O, and;  
 R 1  is H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 2  is independently lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , fluoro substituted alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, OH, SH, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons, or alkylthio of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 m is an integer having the value of 0-3, and;  
 R 3  is independently lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons or F, and;  
 o is an integer having the value of 0-3, and;  
 s is an integer having the value of 1-3, and;  
 R 8  is an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons or trimethylsilylalkyl where the alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 10 carbons, or R 8  is phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, and;  
 R 15  is independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, NO 2 , N(R 8 ) 2 , COR 8 , NR 8 CON(R 8 ) 2 , OCOR 8 , OR 8 , CN, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, fluoro substituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, an alkenyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 double bonds, an alkynyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 triple bonds, or a trialkylsilyl or trialkylsilyloxy group where the alkyl groups independently have 1 to 6 carbons, and; t is an integer having the values of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and; the CONH group is in the 6 or 7 position of the benzopyran, and in the 2 or 3 position of the dihydronaphthaline ring, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.  
 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       where 
 X is C(CH 3 ) 2  or O, and; R 2  is H or Br, and; R 2′  and R 2″  independently are H or F, and; R 3  is H or CH 3 , and; R 8  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.  
 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein X 1  is: —C(R 1 ) 2 —, —C(R 1 ) 2 —C(R 1 ) 2 —, —S—, —O—, —NR 1 —, —C(R 1 ) 2 —O—, —C(R 1 )—S—, or C(R 1 )—NR 1 —; and 
 R 1  is independently H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons; and  
 R 2  is optional and is independently defined as lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , fluoro substituted alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, OH SH, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons, or alkylthio of 1 to 6 carbons; and  
 m is an integer between, and including, 0 and 4; and  
 n is an integer between, and including, 0 and 2; and  
 o is an integer between, and including, 0 and 3; and  
 R 3  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br or I; and  
 R 4  is (R 5 ) p -phenyl, (R 5 ) p -naphthyl, (R 5 ) p -heteroaryl where the heteroaryl group is five-membered or 6-membered and has 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N; and  
 p is an integer between, and including, 0 and 5; and  
 R 5  is optional and is defined as independently F, Cl, Br, I, NO 2 , N(R 8 ) 2 , N(R 8 )COR 8 , N(R 8 )CON(R 8 ) 2 , OH, OCOR 8 , OR 8 , CN, COOH, COOR 8 , an alkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbons, an alkenyl group having from 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to three double bonds, alkynyl group having from 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 triple bonds, or a (trialkyl)silyl or (trialkyl)silyloxy group where the alkyl groups independently have from 1 to 6 carbons; and  
 Y is a phenyl or naphthyl group, or a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl and heteroaryl groups being optionally substituted with one or two R 2  groups, or Y is —(CR 3 ═CR 3 ) r —; and  
 r is an integer between, and including, 1 and 3; and  
 A is (CH 2 ) q  where q is an integer from 0-5, lower branched chain alkyl having from 3 to 6 carbons, cycloalkyl having from 3 to 6 carbons, alkenyl having from 2 to 6 carbons and 1 or 2 double bonds, alkenyl having from 2 to 6 carbons and 1 or 2 triple bonds, with the proviso that when Y is —(CR 3 ═CR 3 ) r — then A is (CH 2 ) q  and q is 0; and  
 B is H, COOH or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, COOR 8 , CONR 9 R 10 ,—CH 2 OH, CH 2 OR 11 , CH 2 OCOR 11 , CHO, CH(OR 12 ) 2 , CHOR 13 O, —COR 7 , CR 7 (OR 12 ) 2 , CR 7 OR 13 O, or Si(C 1-6alkyl ) 3 , wherein R 7  is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkenyl group containing 1 to 5 carbons, R 8  is an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons or (trimethylsilyl)alkyl, where the alkyl groups has 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 10 carbons, or R 8  is phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 8  and R 10  independently are H, a lower alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5-10 carbons, or phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 11  is lower alkyl, phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 12  is lower alkyl, and R 13  is a divalent alkyl radical of 2-5 carbons.  
 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         where 
 X 1  is S or O;  
 X 2  is CH or N;  
 R 2  is H, F, CF 3  or alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons;  
 R 2 * is H, F, or CF 3 ;  
 R 8  is H, or lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons;  
 R 14  is unsubstituted phenyl, thienyl or pyridyl, or phenyl, thienyl or pyridyl substituted with one to three R 15  groups, where R 15  is lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, chlorine, CF 3 , or alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.  
 
       
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein 
 X 2  is CH or N, and;  
 R 2  is H, F, or OCH 3 , and;  
 R 2 * is H or F, and;  
 R 8  is H, or lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 41  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-(lower-alkyl)phenyl, 5-(lower alkyl)-2-thienyl, and 6-(lower alkyl)-3-pyridyl where lower alkyl has 1 to 6 carbons, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.  
 
       
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         where 
 R 2 * is H or F;  
 R 8  is H, or lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and  
 R 14  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, and 4-(lower-alkyl)phenyl, where lower alkyl has 1 to 6 carbons, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.  
 
       
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       where R 8  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.  
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       where R 8  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.  
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse antagonist has the chemical structure:  
       Y 3 (R 4 )—X—Y 1 (R 1 R 2 -Z-Y 2 (R 2 )-A-B  
       Where Y 1  is phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazonyl, ozazolyl, imidazolyl, and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl, naphthyl, and heteroaryl groups being substituted with an R 1  group, and further substituted or unsubstituted with one or two R 2  groups; 
 R 1  is C 1-10  alkyl, 1-ademantyl, 2-tetrahydropyranoxy, trialkylsilanyloxy where alkyl has up to 6 carbons, OH, alkoxy where the alkyl group has up to 10 carbons, alkylthio where the alkyl group has up to 10 carbons, or OCH 2 OC 1-6  alkyl;  
 R 2  is lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , OH, OR 3 , NO 2 , N(R 3 ) 2 , CN, N 3 , COR 3 , NHCOR 3 , COOH, or COOR 3;    
 X is (C(R 3 ) 2 , S, SO, SO 2 , O or NR 3;    
 Z is 
 —C≡C—,  
 —N═N—,  
 —N(O)═N —,  
 —N═N(O)—,  
 —N═CR 3 —,  
 —CR 3 ═N,  
 —(CR 3 ═CR 3 ) n — where n is an integer having the value 0-5,  
 —CO—NR 3 —,  
 —CS—NR 3 —,  
 —NR 3 —CO,  
 —NR 3 —CS,  
 —COO—,  
 —OCO—;  
 —CSO—;  
 —OCS—; or  
 —CO—CR 3 ═R 3 —O,  
 
 R 3  is independently H or lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons;  
 Y 2  is a phenyl or naphthyl group, or heteroaryl selected from a group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl, naphthyl and heteroaryl groups being unsubstituted or substituted with one or two R 2  groups, or  
 when Z is —(CR 3 ═CR 3 ) n — and n is 3, 4 or 5 then Y 2  represents a direct valence bond between said —(CR 3 ═CR 3 ) n  group and B;  
 Y 3  is phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl selected from a group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl, naphthyl and heteroaryl groups being unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R 4  groups, where R 4  is alkyl of 1 to 10 carbons, fluoro-substituted alkyl of 1 to 10 carbons, alkenyl of 2 to 10 carbons and having 1 to 3 triple bonds, F, Cl, Br, I, NO 2 , CN, NR 3 , N 3 , COOH, COOC 1-6 alkyl, OH, SH, OC 1-6 alkyl, and SC 1-6 alkyl;  
 A is (CH 2 ) q  where q is from 0-5, lower branched alkyl having 3-6 carbons, cycloalkyl having 3-6 carbons, alkenyl, having 2-6 carbons and 1-2 double bonds, alkynyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 to 2 triple bonds, and  
 B is hydrogen, COOH or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, COOR 8 , CONR 9 R 10 , —CH 2 OH, CH 2 OR 11 , CH 2 OCOR 11 , CHO, CH(OR 12 ) 2 , CHOR 13 O, —COR 7 , CR 7 (OR 12 ) 2 , CR 7 OR 13 O, or Si(C 1-6  alkyl) 3 , where R 7  is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkenyl group containing 1 to 5 carbons, R 8  is an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons or trimethylsilylalkyl where the alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 10 carbons, or R 8  is phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 9  and R 10  independently are hydrogen, an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5-10 carbons, or phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 11  is lower alkyl, phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 12  is lower alkyl, and R 13  is divalent alkyl radical of 2-5 carbons, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.  
 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         where n is an integer from 1 to 10.  
       
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         where n is an integer from 1 to 10.  
       
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the chemical structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said period of time is thirty days or more.  
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist is administered daily.  
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist is administered orally.  
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist is administered topically.  
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist inhibits transcriptional activation of two or less retinoic acid receptors selected from the group consisting of: 
 a) an RARα receptor;  
 b) an RARβ receptor; and  
 c) an RARγ receptor.  
 
     
     
         23 . A method for inhibiting spermatogenesis in a male mammal, comprising: administering to said male mammal an effective amount of a composition comprising an RAR antagonist or inverse agonist over a period of time effective to prevent conception.  
     
     
         24 . A contraceptive effective to inhibit spermatogenesis in a male mammal comprising: 
 a) an RAR antagonist or inverse agonist, and    b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.    
     
     
         25 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein 
 X is S, O, NR′ where R′ is H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, or  
 X is [C(R 1 ) 2 ] n  where R 1  is independently H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and n is an integer between, and including, 0 and 2, and;  
 R 2  is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , fluoro substituted alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, OH, SH, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons, or alkylthio of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 3  is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons or F, and;  
 m is an integer having the value of 0-3, and;  
 o is an integer having the value of 0-3, and; 
 Z is —C≡C—,  
 —N═N—,  
 —N═CR 1 —,  
 —CR 1  ═N,  
 —(CR 1  ═CR 1 ) n′ — where n′ is an integer having the value 0-5,  
 —CO—NR 1 —,  
 —CS—NR 1 —,  
 —NR 1 —CO,  
 —NR 1 —CS,  
 —COO—,  
 —OCO—;  
 —CSO—;  
 —OCS—;  
 
 Y is a phenyl or naphthyl group, or heteroaryl selected from a group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl and heteroaryl groups being optionally substituted with one or two R 2  groups, or  
 when Z is —(CR 1 ═CR 1 ) n′ — and n′ is 3, 4 or 5 then Y represents a direct valence bond between said (CR 2 ═CR 2 ) n′  group and B;  
 A is (CH 2 ) q  where q is 0-5, lower branched chain alkyl having 3-6 carbons, cycloalkyl having 3-6 carbons, alkenyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 double bonds, alkynyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 triple bonds;  
 
         B is hydrogen, COOH or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, COOR 8 , CONR 9 R 10 , —CH 2 OH, CH 2 OR 11 , CH 2 OCOR 1 1, CHO, CH(OR 12 ) 2 , CHOR 13 O, —COR 7 , CR 7 (OR 12 ) 2 , CR 7 OR 13 O, or tri-lower alkylsilyl, where R 7  is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkenyl group containing 1 to 5 carbons, R 8  is an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons or trimethylsilylalkyl where the alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 10 carbons, or R 8  is phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 9  and R 10  independently are hydrogen, an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5-10 carbons, or phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 11  is lower alkyl, phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 12  is lower alkyl, and R 13  is divalent alkyl radical of 2-5 carbons, and 
 R 14  is (R 15 ) r -phenyl, (R 15 ) r -naphthyl, or (R 15 ) r -heteroaryl where the heteroaryl group has 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, r is an integer having the values of 0-5, and  
 R 15  is independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, NO 2 , N(R 8 ) 2 , N(R 8 )COR 8 , NR 8 CON(R 8 ) 2 , OH, OCOR 8 , OR 8 , CN, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, fluoro substituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, an alkenyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 double bonds, alkynyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 triple bonds, or a trialkylsilyl or trialkylsilyloxy group where the alkyl groups independently have 1 to 6 carbons.  
 
       
     
     
         26 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein 
 X is S, O, NR′ where R′ is H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, or  
 X is [C(R 1 ) 2 ] n  where R 1  is independently H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and n is an integer between, and including, 0 and 2, and;  
 R 2  is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , fluoro substituted alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, OH, SH, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons, or alkylthio of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 3  is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons or F, and;  
 m is an integer having the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3, and;  
 o is an integer having the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3, and;  
 Y is a phenyl or naphthyl group, or heteroaryl selected from a group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl and heteroaryl groups being optionally substituted with one or two R 2  groups, and;  
 A is (CH 2 ) q  where q is 0-5, lower branched chain alkyl having 3-6 carbons, cycloalkyl having 3-6 carbons, alkenyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 double bonds, alkynyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 triple bonds, and;  
 B is hydrogen, COOH or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, COOR 8 , CONR 9 R 10 , —CH 2 OH, CH 2 OR 11 , CH 2 OCOR 11 , CHO, CH(OR 12 ) 2 , CHOR 13 O, —COR 7 , CR 7 (OR 12 ) 2 , CR 7 OR 13 O, or tri-lower alkylsilyl, where R 7  is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkenyl group containing 1 to 5 carbons, R 8  is an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons or trimethylsilylalkyl where the alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 10 carbons, or R 8  is phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 9  and R 10  independently are hydrogen, an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5-10 carbons, or phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 11  is lower alkyl, phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 12  is lower alkyl, and R 13  is divalent alkyl radical of 2-5 carbons, and;  
 R 14  is (R 15 ) r -phenyl, (R 15 ) r -naphthyl, or (R 15 ) r -heteroaryl where the heteroaryl group has 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, r is an integer having the values of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and;  
 R 15  is independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, NO 2 , N(R 8 ) 2 , N(R 8 )COR 8 , NR 8 CON(R 8 ) 2 , OH, OCOR 8 , OR 8 , CN, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, fluoro substituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, an alkenyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 double bonds, alkynyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 triple bonds, or a trialkylsilyl or trialkylsilyloxy group where the alkyl groups independently have 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 16  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 17  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, OH or OCOR 1 , and;  
 p is zero or 1, with the proviso that when p is 1 then there is no R 17  substituent group, and m is an integer between, and including, 0 and 2.  
 
       
     
     
         27 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       where 
 X is C(R 1 ) 2  or O, and;  
 R 1  is H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 2  is independently lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , fluoro substituted alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, OH, SH, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons, or alkylthio of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 m is an integer having the value of 0-3, and;  
 R 3  is independently lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons or F, and;  
 o is an integer having the value of 0-3, and;  
 s is an integer having the value of 1-3, and;  
 R 8  is an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons or trimethylsilylalkyl where the alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 10 carbons, or R 8  is phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, and;  
 R 15  is independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, NO 2 , N(R 8 ) 2 , COR 8 , NR 8 CON(R 8 ) 2 , OCOR 8 , OR 8 , CN, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, fluoro substituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons, an alkenyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 double bonds, an alkynyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 triple bonds, or a trialkylsilyl or trialkylsilyloxy group where the alkyl groups independently have 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 t is an integer having the values of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and; the CONH group is in the 6 or 7 position of the benzopyran, and in the 2 or 3 position of the dihydronaphthaline ring, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.  
 
     
     
         28 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       where 
 X is C(CH 3 ) 2  or O, and;  
 R 2  is H or Br, and;  
 R 2′  and R 2″  independently are H or F, and;  
 R 3  is H or CH 3 , and;  
 R 8  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons; and  
                     
 wherein  
 X 1  is: —C(R 1 ) 2 —, —C(R 1 ) 2 —C(R 1 ) 2 —, —S—, —O—, —NR 1 —, —C(R 1 ) 2 —O—, —C(R 1 ) 2 —S—, or C(R 1 )—NR 1 —; and  
 R 1  is independently H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons; and  
 R 2  is optional and is independently defined as lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , fluoro substituted alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, OH SH, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons, or alkylthio of 1 to 6 carbons; and  
 m is an integer between, and including, 0 and 4; and  
 n is an integer between, and including, 0 and 2; and  
 o is an integer between, and including, 0 and 3; and  
 R 3  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br or I; and  
 R 4  is (R 5 ) p -phenyl, (R 5 ) p -naphthyl, (R 5 ) p -heteroaryl where the heteroaryl group is five-membered or 6-membered and has 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N; and  
 p is an integer between, and including, 0 and 5; and  
 R 5  is optional and is defined as independently F, Cl, Br, I, NO 2 , N(R 8 ) 2 , N(R 8 )COR 8 , N(R 8 )CON(R 8 ) 2 , OH, OCOR 8 , OR 8 , CN, COOH, COOR 8 , an alkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbons, an alkenyl group having from 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to three double bonds, alkynyl group having from 1 to 10 carbons and 1 to 3 triple bonds, or a (trialkyl)silyl or (trialkyl)silyloxy group where the alkyl groups independently have from 1 to 6 carbons; and  
 Y is a phenyl or naphthyl group, or a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl and heteroaryl groups being optionally substituted with one or two R 2  groups, or Y is —(CR 3 ═CR 3 ) r ; and  
 r is an integer between, and including, 1 and 3; and  
 A is (CH 2 ) q  where q is an integer from 0-5, lower branched chain alkyl having from 3 to 6 carbons, cycloalkyl having from 3 to 6 carbons, alkenyl having from 2 to 6 carbons and 1 or 2 double bonds, alkenyl having from 2 to 6 carbons and 1 or 2 triple bonds, with the proviso that when Y is —(CR 3 ═CR 3 ) r — then A is (CH 2 ) q  and q is 0; and  
 B is H, COOH or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, COOR 8 , CONR 9 R 10 ,—CH 2 OH, CH 2 OR 11 , CH 2 OCOR 11 , CHO, CH(OR 12 ) 2 , CHOR 13 O, —COR 7 , CR 7 (OR 12 ) 2 , CR 7 OR 13 O, or Si(C 1-6alkyl ) 3 , wherein R 7  is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkenyl group containing 1 to 5 carbons, R 8  is an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons or (trimethylsilyl)alkyl, where the alkyl groups has 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 10 carbons, or R 8  is phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 8  and R 10  independently are H, a lower alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5-10 carbons, or phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 11  is lower alkyl, phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 12  is lower alkyl, and R 13  is a divalent alkyl radical of 2-5 carbons;  
 
     
     
         29 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         where 
 X 1  is S or O;  
 X 2  is CH or N;  
 R 2  is H, F, CF 3  or alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons;  
 R 2 * is H, F, or CF 3 ;  
 R 8  is H, or lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons;  
 R 14  is unsubstituted phenyl, thienyl or pyridyl, or phenyl, thienyl or pyridyl substituted with one to three R 15  groups, where R 15  is lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, chlorine, CF 3 , or alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbons, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound; and  
                     
 
         wherein 
 X 2  is CH or N, and;  
 R 2  is H, F, or OCH 3 , and;  
 R 2 * is H or F, and;  
 R 8  is H, or lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and;  
 R 14  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-(lower-alkyl)phenyl, 5-(lower alkyl)-2-thienyl, and 6-(lower alkyl)-3-pyridyl where lower alkyl has 1 to 6 carbons; and  
                     
 
         where 
 R 2 * is H or F;  
 R 8  is H, or lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, and  
 R 14  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, and 4-(lower-alkyl)phenyl, where lower alkyl has 1 to 6 carbons, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.  
 
       
     
     
         30 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       where R 8  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.  
     
     
         31 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       where R 8  is H, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound.  
     
     
         32 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       Y 3 (R 4 )—X—Y 1 (R 1 R 2 )-Z-Y 2 (R 2 )-A-B  
       Where Y 1  is phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazonyl, ozazolyl, imidazolyl, and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl, naphthyl, and heteroaryl groups being substituted with an R 1  group, and further substituted or unsubstituted with one or two R 2  groups; 
 R 1  is C 1-10  alkyl, 1-ademantyl, 2-tetrahydropyranoxy, trialkylsilanyloxy where alkyl has up to 6 carbons, OH, alkoxy where the alkyl group has up to 10 carbons, alkylthio where the alkyl group has up to 10 carbons, or OCH 2 OC 1-6  alkyl;  
 R 2  is lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , OH, OR 3 , NO 2 , N(R 3 ) 2 , CN, N 3 , COR 3 , NHCOR 3 , COOH, or COOR 3;    
 X is (C(R 3 ) 2 , S, SO, SO 2 , O or NR 3;    
 Z is 
 —C≡C—,  
 —N═N—,  
 —N(O)═N—,  
 —N═N(O)—,  
 —N═CR 3 —,  
 —CR 3 ═N,  
 —(CR 3 ═CR 3 ) n — where n is an integer having the value 0-5,  
 —CO—NR 3 —,  
 —CS—NR 3 —,  
 —NR 3 —CO,  
 —NR 3 —CS,  
 —COO—,  
 —OCO—;  
 —CSO—;  
 —OCS—; or  
 —CO—CR 3 ═R 3 —O.  
 
 R 3  is independently H or lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons;  
 Y 2  is a phenyl or naphthyl group, or heteroaryl selected from a group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl, naphthyl and heteroaryl groups being unsubstituted or substituted with one or two R 2  groups, or when Z is —(CR 3 ═CR 3 ) n — and n is 3, 4 or 5 then Y 2  represents a direct valence bond between said —(CR 3 ═CR 3 ) n  group and B;  
 Y 3  is phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl selected from a group consisting of pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and pyrrazolyl, said phenyl, naphthyl and heteroaryl groups being unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R 4  groups, where R 4  is alkyl of 1 to 10 carbons, fluoro-substituted alkyl of 1 to 10 carbons, alkenyl of 2 to 10 carbons and having 1 to 3 triple bonds, F, Cl, Br, I, NO 2 , CN, NR 3 , N 3 , COOH, COOC 1-6  alkyl, OH, SH, OC 1-6  alkyl, and SC 1-6  alkyl;  
 A is (CH 2 ) q  where q is from 0-5, lower branched alkyl having 3-6 carbons, cycloalkyl having 3-6 carbons, alkenyl, having 2-6 carbons and 1-2 double bonds, alkynyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 to 2 triple bonds, and  
 B is hydrogen, COOH or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, COOR 8 , CONR 9 R 10 , —CH 2 OH, CH 2 OR 11 , CH 2 OCOR 11 , CHO, CH(OR 12 ) 2 , CHOR 13 O, —COR 7 , CR 7 (OR 12 ) 2 , CR 7 OR 13 O, or Si(C 1-6  alkyl) 3 , where R 7  is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkenyl group containing 1 to 5 carbons, R 8  is an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons or trimethylsilylalkyl where the alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 10 carbons, or R 8  is phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 9  and R 10  independently are hydrogen, an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 5-10 carbons, or phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 11  is lower alkyl, phenyl or lower alkylphenyl, R 12  is lower alkyl, and R 13  is divalent alkyl radical of 2-5 carbons, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.  
 
     
     
         33 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         where n is an integer from 1 to 10, and pharmaceutically accept6able salts thereof.  
       
     
     
         34 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         where n is an integer from 1 to 10, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.  
       
     
     
         35 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         36 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         37 . The contraceptive of  claim 24 , wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist has the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         38 . The contraceptive of  claim 24  wherein said excipient is optimized for epidermal delivery.  
     
     
         39 . The contraceptive of  claim 24  wherein said RAR antagonist or inverse agonist is dissolved in a triglyceride preparation.  
     
     
         40 . The contraceptive of  claim 38  wherein said excipient comprises an emulsion comprising benzyl alcohol, medium chain triglycerides, Carbomer 1342, sorbitan monooleate, Carbomer 934P, and EDTA.  
     
     
         41 . The contraceptive of  claim 24  wherein said excipient is optimized for systemic delivery.  
     
     
         42 . The contraceptive of  claim 24  wherein said excipient is optimized for oral delivery.

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