Bistable molecular mechanical devices with an appended rotor activated by an electric field for electronic switching, gating and memory applications

Abstract

In accordance with the present invention, nanometer-scale reversible electronic switches are provided that can be assembled to make cross-bar circuits that provide memory, logic, and communications functions. The electronic switches, or crossed-wire devices, comprise a pair of crossed wires that form a junction where one wire crosses another at an angle other than zero degrees and at least one connector species connecting the pair of crossed wires in the junction. The junction has a functional dimension in nanometers, wherein at least one connector species and the pair of crossed wires forms an electrochemical cell. The connector species comprises a bistable molecule having a general formula given by The bistable molecules evidence high switching speed. Such molecules are essentially stable against switching due to thermal fluctuations.

What is claimed is:  
     
         1 . A bistable molecule for a crossed-wire device comprising a pair of crossed wires that form a junction where one wire crosses another at an angle other than zero degrees and at least one connector species connecting said pair of crossed wires in said junction, said junction having a functional dimension in nanometers, wherein said at least one connector species and said pair of crossed wires forms an electrochemical cell, said at least one connector species comprises said bistable molecule having a general formula given by  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       where the letters in Formula (I) mean any of the following: 
 A=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 B═CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; ; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 D=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 E=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 F═CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 G=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 J=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 K═CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 M=CH 2 ; CF 2 ; CCl 2 ; CHOCH 3 ; CHOH; CHF; CO; CH═CH; CH 2 —CH 2 ; S; O; NH; NR; NCOR; or NCOAr;  
 Q=CH; nitrogen; phosphorus; or boron;  
 Y═O or S; and  
 Z=R (H; alkyl); NHR; OR; SR; CHR—NHR; CHR—OR; CHR—SR; CHR—X (halogen); NR—NHR; NR—OR; or NR—SR.  
 
     
     
         2 . The bistable molecule of  claim 1  wherein said bistable molecule has a formula given by  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         3 . A method of fabricating a crossed-wire device comprising a pair of crossed wires which form a junction where one wire crosses another and at least one connector species connecting said pair of crossed wires in said junction, said junction having a functional dimension in nanometers, wherein said at least one connector species and said pair of crossed wires forms an electrochemical cell, said method comprising (a) forming said first wire, (b) depositing said at least one connector species over at least a portion of said first wire, and (c) forming said second wire over said first wire so as to form said junction, wherein said at least one connector species comprises a bistable molecule having a general formula given by  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       where the letters in Formula (I) mean any of the following: 
 A=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 B═CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; ; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 D=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 E=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 F═CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 G=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 J=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 K═CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 M=CH 2 ; CF 2 ; CCl 2 ; CHOCH 3 ; CHOH; CHF; CO; CH═CH; CH 2 —CH 2 ; S; O; NH; NR; NCOR; or NCOAr;  
 Q=CH; nitrogen; phosphorus; or boron;  
 Y═O or S; and  
 Z=R (H; alkyl); NHR; OR; SR; CHR—NHR; CHR—OR; CHR—SR; CHR—X (halogen); NR—NHR; NR—OR; or NR—SR.  
 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 3  wherein said bistable molecule has a formula given by  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         5 . A method of operating a crossed-wire device comprising a pair of crossed wires which form a junction where one wire crosses another and at least one connector species connecting said pair of crossed wires in said junction, said junction having a functional dimension in nanometers, wherein said at least one connector species and said pair of crossed wires forms an electrochemical cell, said method comprising biasing both wires at least once with a first voltage sufficient to cause an electrochemical reaction in said connector species and switch its state, wherein said at least one connector species comprises a bistable molecule having a general formula given by  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       where the letters in formula (I) mean any of the following: 
 A=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 B═CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; ; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 D=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 E=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 F═CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 G=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 J=CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 K═CH; N; C-alkyl; C-halogen; C—OH; C—OR(ether); C—SR(thioether); C-amide; C-ester or thioester;  
 M=CH 2 ; CF 2 ; CCl 2 ; CHOCH 3 ; CHOH; CHF; CO; CH═CH; CH 2 —CH 2 ; S; O; NH; NR; NCOR; or NCOAr;  
 Q=CH; nitrogen; phosphorus; or boron;  
 Y═O or S; and  
 Z=R (H; alkyl); NHR; OR; SR; CHR—NHR; CHR—OR; CHR—SR; CHR—X (halogen); NR—NHR; NR—OR; or NR—SR.  
 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 5  wherein said bistable molecule has a formula given by