US2003045516A1PendingUtilityA1

Chemokine receptor antagonists and methods of use therefor

Assignee: MILLENNIUM PHARM INCPriority: Jan 21, 1998Filed: Aug 13, 2002Published: Mar 6, 2003
Est. expiryJan 21, 2018(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
A61P 37/08A61P 9/10A61P 7/00A61P 43/00A61P 3/10A61P 31/18A61P 37/06A61P 37/00A61P 29/00A61P 25/28A61P 1/04A61P 19/02A61P 17/06A61P 11/06C07D 405/06C07D 401/06C07D 211/46C07D 495/04C07D 471/04C07D 313/12C07D 409/06C07D 491/04C07D 211/52A61K 31/55
47
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Claims

Abstract

Disclosed are novel compounds and a method of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation. The method comprises administering to a subject in need an effective amount of a compound represented by: and physiologically acceptable salts thereof.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
What is claimed:  
     
         1 . A method of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       and physiologically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: 
 n is an integer from one to about four;  
 M is >NR 2 , >CR 1 R 2 , —O—CR 1 R 2 —O— or —CH 2 —CR 1 R 2 —O—;  
 The ring containing M is substituted or unsubstituted;  
 q 1  is an integer, such as an integer from zero to about three;  
 q 2  is an integer from zero to about one;  
 R 1  is —H, —OH, —N 3 , a halogen, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aminoalkyl group, —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —SH, —S-(aliphatic group), —S-(substituted aliphatic group), —OC(O)-(aliphatic group), —O—C(O)-(substituted aliphatic group), —C(O)O-(aliphatic group), —C(O)O-(substituted aliphatic group), —COOH, —CN, —CO—NR 3 R 4 , —NR 3 R 4  or R 1  is a covalent bond between the ring atom at M and an adjacent carbon atom in the ring which contains M;  
 R 2  is —H, —OH, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, —NR 5 R 6 , an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group, a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group, —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group) or —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group);  
 R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  are independently —H, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group or a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group; or R 1  and R 2 , R 3  and R 4 , or R 5  and R 6  taken together with the atom to which they are bonded, form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;  
 Z is represented by:  
                     
 wherein:  
 X, is a bond, —O—, —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —;CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —NR c —CO— or —CO—NR c —;  
 R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
 Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
 
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1  wherein 
 R 1  is —H, —OH, —N 3 , —CN, a halogen, a substituted aliphatic group, an aminoalkyl group —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —NR 3 R 4  or R 1  is a covalent bond between the ring atom at M and an adjacent carbon atom in the ring which contains M;  
 R 2  is —NR 5 R 6 , a substituted acyl group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group); or  
 R 1  and R 2  taken together with the atom to which they are bonded, form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.  
 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1  wherein q 1  and q 2  are zero, and the compound is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 3  wherein M is >CR1R 2 .  
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1  wherein q 1  is one and q 2  is zero, and the compound is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 5  wherein M is >CR 1 R 2 .  
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1  wherein q 1  is one and q 2  is two, and the compound is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 7  wherein M is >NR 2 .  
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1  wherein q 1  is one and q 2  is two, and the compound is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 9  wherein M is —O—CR 1 R 2 —O— or —CH 2 —CR 1 R 2 —O—.  
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 9  wherein 
 M is >NR 2  or >CR 1 R 2 ; and  
 R 1  is a substituted aliphatic group or an aminoalkyl group.  
 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 9  wherein 
 M is >NR 2  or >CR 1 R 2 ; and  
 R 2  is —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group).  
 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 1  wherein Z is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein: 
 X, is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NRC—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NRC—, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —NRC—CO—, a bond, —O—, or —CO—NRC—;  
 R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
 Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 13  wherein ring B is substituted para to the carbon atom of ring B that is bonded to X 1  in ring C, and Z is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein R 40  is —OH, —COOH, —NO 2 , halogen, aliphatic group, substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, —NR 24 R 25 , —CONR 24 R 25 , Q-(aliphatic group), Q-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aromatic group), —O-(substituted aromatic group), an electron withdrawing group, —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)OR 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ), —OC(O)R 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22  or —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC(O)O—R 20 ; 
 R 20 , R 21  or R 22  are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group; or  
 R 21  and R 22 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring;  
 Q is —NR 24 C(O)— or —NR 24 S(O) 2 —;  
 R 24  and R 25  are independently —H, —OH, an aliphatic group or a substituted aliphatic group;  
 u is zero or one; and  
 t is an integer from zero to about 3.  
 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 14  wherein R 40  is represented by —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22 .  
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 15  wherein u is zero and t one to about three.  
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 15  wherein u is zero and t one to about three u is one and t is zero.  
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 15  wherein u and t are both zero.  
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 14  wherein R 40  is a aliphatic group that is substituted with —NR 24 R 25  or —CONR 24 R 25 .  
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 14  wherein R 40  is —O-(aliphatic group) or —O-(substituted aliphatic group).  
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 14  wherein R 40  is —COOH.  
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 1  wherein X, is —CH 2 —O—.  
     
     
         23 . A method of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         and physiologically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: 
 n is an integer from one to about four;  
 M is >NR 2 , >CR 1 R 2 , —O—CR 1 R 2 —O— or —CH 2 —CR 1 R 2 —O—;  
 
         The ring containing M is substituted or unsubstituted;  
         R 1  is —H, —OH, —N 3 , a halogen, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aminoalkyl group, —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —SH, —S-(aliphatic group), —S-(substituted aliphatic group), —OC(O)-(aliphatic group), —O—C(O)-(substituted aliphatic group), —C(O)O-(aliphatic group), —C(O)O-(substituted aliphatic group), —COOH, —CN, —CO—NR 3 R 4 , —NR 3 R 4  or R 1  is a covalent bond between the ring atom at M and an adjacent carbon atom in the ring which contains M;  
         R 2  is —H, —OH, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, —NR 5 R 6 , an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group, a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group, —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group) or —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group);  
         R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  are independently —H, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group or a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group; or R 1  and R 2 , R 3  and R 4 , or R 5  and R 6  taken together with the atom to which they are bonded, form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;  
         Z is represented by:  
         
           
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
         
         wherein:  
         X 1  is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —Nr c —CO—, a bond, —O—, or —CO—NR c —;  
         R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
         Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
       
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 23  wherein Z is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein: 
 X 1  is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —Nr c —CO—, a bond, —O—, or —CO—NR c —;  
 R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
 Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 24  wherein ring B is substituted para to the carbon atom of ring B that is bonded to X 1  in ring C, and Z is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 40  is —OH, —COOH, —NO 2 , halogen, aliphatic group, substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, —NR 24 R 25 , —CONR 24 R 25 , Q-(aliphqtic group), Q-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aromatic group), —O-(substituted aromatic group), an electron withdrawing group, —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)OR 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —OC(O)R 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22  or —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC(O)O—R 20 ;  
         R 20 , R 21  or R 22  are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group; or  
         R 21  and R 22 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring;  
         Q is —NR 24 C(O)— or —NR 24 S(O) 2 —;  
         R 24  and R 25  are independently —H, —OH, an aliphatic group or a substituted aliphatic group;  
         u is zero or one; and  
         t is an integer from zero to about 3.  
       
     
     
         26 . A method of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       and physiologically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: 
 n is an integer from one to about four;  
 R 50  and R 51  are each, independently, —H, R 50  and R 51  are each independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aminoalkyl group, —NR 3 R 4 , an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group, a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group, or a covalent bond between the nitrogen atom an adjacent carbon atom;  
 R 3  and R 4  are independently —H, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group or a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group;  
 Z is represented by:  
                     
 wherein:  
 X 1  is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —Nr c —CO—, a bond, —O—, or —CO—NR c —;  
 R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
 Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 26  wherein 
 R 50  is a substituted aliphatic group; and  
 R 51  is —H, an aliphatic group or a substituted aliphatic group.  
 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 27  wherein R 50  is a substituted aliphatic group bearing an aromatic substituent.  
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 27  wherein R 50  is a an aliphatic group which is substituted with a 4-chlorophenyl group.  
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 26  wherein Z is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein: 
 X 1  is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —Nr c —CO—, a bond, —O—, or —CO—NR c —;  
 R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
 Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
 
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 30  wherein ring B is substituted para to the carbon atom of ring B that is bonded to X 1  in ring C, and Z is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 40  is —OH, —COOH, —NO 2 , halogen, aliphatic group, substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, —NR 24 R 25 , —CONR 24 R 25 , Q-(aliphqtic group), Q-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aromatic group), —O-(substituted aromatic group), an electron withdrawing group, —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)OR 2 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ), —OC(O)R 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22  or —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC(O)O—R 20 ;  
         R 20 , R 21  or R 22  are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group; or  
         R 21  and R 22 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring;  
         Q is —NR 24 C(O)— or —NR 24 S(O) 2 —;  
         R 24  and R 25  are independently —H, —OH, an aliphatic group or a substituted aliphatic group;  
         u is zero or one; and  
         t is an integer from zero to about 3.  
       
     
     
         32 . A method of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
 M is CR1R 2 ;  
 R 1  is —OH;  
 R 2  is 4-chlorophenyl;  
 n is two;  
 Z is represented by:  
                     
 X 1  is —CH 2 —O—; and  
 R 40  is  
                     
 
     
     
         33 . A method of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
 M is CR 1 R 2 ;  
 R 1  is —OH;  
 R 2  is 4-chlorophenyl;  
 n is two;  
 Z is represented by:  
                     
 X 1  is —CH 2 —O—; and  
 R 40  is —COOH.  
 
     
     
         34 . A method of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
 M is CR 1 R 2 ;  
 R 1  is —OH;  
 R 2  is 4-chlorophenyl;  
 n is two;  
 Z is represented by:  
                     
 X 1  is —CH 2 —O—; and  
 R 40  is  
                     
 
     
     
         35 . A compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       and physiologically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: 
 n is an integer from one to about four;  
 M is >NR 2 , >CR 1 R 2 , —O—CR 1 R 2 —O— or —CH 2 —CR 1 R 2 —O—;  
 The ring containing M is substituted or unsubstituted;  
 R 1  is —H, —OH, —N 3 , a halogen, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aminoalkyl group, —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —SH, —S-(aliphatic group), —S-(substituted aliphatic group), —OC(O)-(aliphatic group), —O—C(O)-(substituted aliphatic group), —C(O)O-(aliphatic group), —C(O)O-(substituted aliphatic group), —COOH, —CN, —CO—NR 3 R 4 , —NR 3 R 4  or R 1  is a covalent bond between the ring atom at M and an adjacent carbon atom in the ring which contains M;  
 R 2  is —H, —OH, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, —NR 5 R 6 , an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group, a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group, —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group) or —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group);  
 R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  are independently —H, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group or a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group; or R 1  and R 2 , R 3  and R 4 , or R 5  and R 6  taken together with the atom to which they are bonded, form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;  
 Z is represented by:  
                     
 wherein:  
 X, is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —NR c —CO—, a bond, —O—, or —CO—NRC—;  
 R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
 Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
 
     
     
         36 . The compound of  claim 35  wherein 
 R 1  is —H, —OH, —N 3 , —CN, a halogen, a substituted aliphatic group, an aminoalkyl group —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —NR 3 R 4  or R 1  is a covalent bond between the ring atom at M and an adjacent carbon atom in the ring which contains M;  
 R 2  is —NR 5 R 6 , a substituted acyl group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group); or  
 R 1 and R 2  taken together with the atom to which they are bonded, form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.  
 
     
     
         37 . The compound of  claim 35  wherein q 1  and q 2  are zero, and the compound is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         38 . The compound of  claim 37  wherein M is >CR 1 R 2 .  
     
     
         39 . The compound of  claim 35  wherein q 1  is one and q 2  is zero, and the compound is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         40 . The compound of  claim 39  wherein M is >CR 1 R 2 .  
     
     
         41 . The compound of  claim 35  wherein q 1  is one and q 2  is two, and the compound is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         42 . The compound of  claim 41  wherein M is >NR 2 .  
     
     
         43 . The compound of  claim 35  wherein q 1  is one and q 2  is two, and the compound is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         44 . The compound of  claim 43  wherein M is —O—CR 1 R 2 —O— or —CH 2 —CR 1 R 2 —O—.  
     
     
         45 . The compound of  claim 43  wherein 
 M is >NR 2  or >CR 1 R 2 ; and  
 R 1  is a substituted aliphatic group or an aminoalkyl group.  
 
     
     
         46 . The compound of  claim 43  wherein 
 M is >NR 2  or >CR 1 R 2 ; and  
 R 2  is —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group).  
 
     
     
         47 . The compound of  claim 35  wherein Z is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein: 
 X 1  is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —Nr c —CO—, a bond, —O—, or —CO—NR c —;  
 R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
 Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
 
     
     
         48 . The compound of  claim 47  wherein ring B is substituted para to the carbon atom of ring B that is bonded to X 1  in ring C, and Z is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 40  is —OH, —COOH, —NO 2 , halogen, aliphatic group, substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, —NR 24 R 25 , —CONR 24 R 25 , Q-(aliphqtic group), Q-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aromatic group), —O-(substituted aromatic group), an electron withdrawing group, —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)OR 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —OC(O)R 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22  or —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC(O)O—R 20 ;  
         R 20 , R 21  or R 22  are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group; or  
         R 21  and R 22 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring;  
         Q is —NR 24 C(O)— or —NR 24 S(O) 2 —;  
         R 24  and R 25  are independently —H, —OH, an aliphatic group or a substituted aliphatic group;  
         u is zero or one; and  
         t is an integer from zero to about 3.  
       
     
     
         49 . The compound of  claim 48  wherein R 40  is represented by —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22 .  
     
     
         50 . The compound of  claim 49  wherein u is zero and t one to about three.  
     
     
         51 . The compound of  claim 49  wherein u is zero and t one to about three u is one and t is zero.  
     
     
         52 . The compound of  claim 49  wherein u and t are both zero.  
     
     
         53 . The compound of  claim 48  wherein R 40  is a aliphatic group that is substituted with —NR 24 R 25  or —CONR 24 R 25 .  
     
     
         54 . The compound of  claim 48  wherein R 40  is —O-(aliphatic group) or —O-(substituted aliphatic group).  
     
     
         55 . The compound of  claim 48  wherein R 40  is —COOH.  
     
     
         56 . The compound of  claim 35  wherein X 1  is —CH 2 —O—.  
     
     
         57 . A compound of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       and physiologically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: 
 n is an integer from one to about four;  
 M is >NR 2 , >CR 1 R 2 , —O—CR 1 R 2 —O— or —CH 2 —CR 1 R 2 —O—;  
 The ring containing M is substituted or unsubstituted;  
 R 1  is —H, —OH, —N 3 , a halogen, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aminoalkyl group, —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —SH, —S-(aliphatic group), —S-(substituted aliphatic group), —OC(O)-(aliphatic group), —O—C(O)-(substituted aliphatic group), —C(O)O-(aliphatic group), —C(O)O-(substituted aliphatic group), —COOH, —CN, —CO—NR 3 R 4 , —NR 3 R 4  or R 1  is a covalent bond between the ring atom at M and an adjacent carbon atom in the ring which contains M;  
 R 2  is —H, —OH, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, —NR 5 R 6 , an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group, a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group, —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group) or —O-(substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group);  
 R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  are independently —H, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group or a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group; or R 1 and R 2 , R 3  and R 4 , or R 5  and R 6  taken together with the atom to which they are bonded, form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;  
 Z is represented by:  
                     
                     
 wherein R 40  is —OH, —COOH, —NO, halogen, aliphatic group, substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, —NR 24 R 25 , —CONR 24 R 25 , Q-(aliphqtic group), Q-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aromatic group), —O-(substituted aromatic group), an electron withdrawing group, —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)OR 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —OC(O)R 21 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22  or —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC(O)O—R 20 ;  
 R 20 , R 21  or R 22  are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group; or  
 R 21  and R 22 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring;  
 Q is —NR 24 C(O)— or —NR 24 S(O) 2 —;  
 R 24  and R 25  are independently —H, —OH, an aliphatic group or a substituted aliphatic group;  
 u is zero or one; and  
 t is an integer from zero to about 3.  
 
     
     
         60 . A compound of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       and physiologically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: 
 n is an integer from one to about four;  
 R 50  and R 51  are each, independently, —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aminoalkyl group, —NR 3 R 4 , an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group, a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group, or a covalent bond between the nitrogen atom an adjacent carbon atom;  
 R 3  and R 4  are independently —H, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group or a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group;  
 Z is represented by:  
                     
 wherein:  
 X 1  is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —Nr c —CO—, a bond, —O—, or —CO—NR c —;  
 wherein:  
 X 1  is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —NR c —CO—, a bond, —O—, or —CO—NR c —;  
 R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
 Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
 
     
     
         58 . The compound of  claim 57  wherein Z is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein: 
 X 1  is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —NR c —CO—, a bond, —O—, or —CO—NRC—;  
 R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
 Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
 
     
     
         59 . The compound of  claim 58  wherein ring B is substituted para to the carbon atom of ring B that is bonded to X, in ring C, and Z is represented by the structural formula: 
 R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
 Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
 
     
     
         61 . The compound of  claim 60  wherein R 50  is a substituted aliphatic group; and 
 R 50  is —H, an aliphatic group or a substituted aliphatic group.  
 
     
     
         62 . The compound of  claim 61  wherein R 50  is a substituted aliphatic group bearing an aromatic substituent.  
     
     
         63 . The method of  claim 61  wherein R 50  is a an aliphatic group that is substituted with a 4-chlorophenyl group.  
     
     
         64 . The compound of  claim 60  wherein Z is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein:  
         X 1  is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —Nr c —CO—, a bond, —O—, or —CO—NR c —;  
         R c  is —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; and  
         Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted.  
       
     
     
         65 . The compound of  claim 64  wherein ring B is substituted para to the carbon atom of ring B that is bonded to X 1  in ring C, and Z is represented by the structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 40  is —OH, —COOH, —NO 2 , halogen, aliphatic group, substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, —NR 24 R 25 , —CONR 24 R 25 , Q-(aliphqtic group), Q-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aromatic group), —O-(substituted aromatic group), an electron withdrawing group, —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)OR 2 ”, —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —OC(O)R 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22  or —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC(O)O—R 20 ;  
         R 20 , R 21  or R 22  are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group; or  
         R 21  and R 22 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring;  
         Q is —NR 24 C(O)— or —NR 24 S(O) 2 —;  
         R 24  and R 25  are independently —H, —OH, an aliphatic group or a substituted aliphatic group;  
         u is zero or one; and  
         t is an integer from zero to about 3.  
       
     
     
         66 . A compound of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
 M is CR1R 2 ;  
 R 1  is —OH;  
 R 2  is 4-chlorophenyl;  
 n is two;  
 Z is represented by:  
                     
 X 1  is —CH 2 —O—; and  
 R 40  is  
                     
 
     
     
         67 . A compound of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
 M is CR 1 R 2 ;  
 R 1  is —OH;  
 R 2  is 4-chlorophenyl;  
 n is two;  
 Z is represented by:  
                     
 X 1  is —CH 2 —O—; and  
 R 40  is —COOH.  
 
     
     
         68 . A compound of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
 M is CR 1 R 2 ;  
 R 1  is —OH;  
 R 2  is 4-chlorophenyl;  
 n is two;  
 Z is represented by:  
                     
 X 1  is —CH 2 —O—; and  
 R 40  is

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