Rotary electrical machines

Abstract

A rotary electrical machine comprising a stator ( 10 ) and at least one rotor ( 12 ) having a plurality of permanent magnets ( 14 ) The rotor consists of a rotor disc, at the outer edge of which the permanent magnets are mounted. The rotor disc ( 12 ) is provided with airgap varying means ( 19 ) which are angled towards the stator ( 10 ) and mounted on the rotor hub ( 24 ) for rotation therewith. When the rotor is stationary, the airgap ( 30 ) between the magnets ( 14 ) and the stator ( 10 ) is at a minimum. In operation, as the speed of rotation of the rotor ( 12 ) increases, a centrifugal force is generated which acts to bend the airgap varying means ( 19 ) and, therefore, the rotor disc ( 12 ) back, away from the stator ( 10 ), thereby drawing the magnets ( 14 ) away from the stator and increasing the size of the airgap ( 30 ). The increase in size of the airgap results in a corresponding decrease in flux and therefore a decrease in the maximum output voltage for that rotor speed. In this way, the output voltage of the machine is kept substantially constant. A stationary iron ring ( 32 ) may be provided on the stator ( 10 ) to assist in drawing away flux as the size of the airgap is increased.

1 . An electrical machine having a rotor and a stator, the rotor comprising at least one magnet which is located adjacent to the stator with an airgap therebetween, the machine comprising means for varying the size of said airgap in response to a variation in the speed of rotation of said rotor.  
     
     
         2 . A machine according to  claim 1 , wherein the means for varying the size of the airgap comprises mechanical means.  
     
     
         3 . A machine according to  claim 2 , wherein said mechanical means is a resiliently flexible member formed integrally with or mounted on the rotor, the resiliently flexible member co-operating with the at least one magnet so that, as the speed of rotation of the rotor increases, the centrifugal force generated thereby causes movement of the resiliently flexible member and thereby draws the at least one magnet away from the stator to increase the airgap.  
     
     
         4 . A machine according to  claim 3 , comprising a plurality of said resiliently flexible members, each co-operating with a respective magnet of the rotor.  
     
     
         5 . A machine according to  claim 4 , wherein the rotor comprises a plurality of equi-angularly spaced magnets, said plurality of resiliently flexible members being substantially equi-angularly spaced.  
     
     
         6 . A machine according to any preceding claim, further comprising a stationary metal ring which is mounted concentrically with the stator, wherein when the airgap is increased in response to an increase in speed of rotation of the rotor, the at least one magnet is moved closer to the stationary metal ring  
     
     
         7 . A machine according to any one of  claims 1  to  5 , further comprising a stationary metal ring which is formed integrally with the stator, wherein when the airgap is increased in response to an increase in speed of rotation of the rotor, the at least one magnet is moved closer to the stationary metal ring  
     
     
         8 . A machine according to  claim 6  or  claim 7 , wherein said stationary metal ring is formed of iron.  
     
     
         9 . A machine according to any one of  claims 6  to  8 , wherein the diameter of the metal ring is less than that of the stator.  
     
     
         10 . A machine according to any one of  claims 6  to  8 , wherein the diameter of the metal ring is greater than that of the stator.  
     
     
         11 . A machine according to any preceding claim, wherein the means for varying the airgap is preferably mounted or biased such that when the rotor is stationary or at its lowest operating speed the airgap is at a minimum.  
     
     
         12 . A machine according to  claim 11  when dependent on  claim 2 , wherein the means for varying the airgap comprises one or more members supported on a rotor drive shaft, the member or members being angled to be progressively closer to the stator with increasing radial distance from the drive shaft.  
     
     
         13 . A machine according to  claim 12 , wherein the means for varying the airgap is arranged such that an increase in rotor speed which results in a centrifugal force which draws the angled portion of the airgap varying means back to a substantially vertical position at maximum rotor speed.  
     
     
         14 . A machine according to  claim 2 , comprising electronic means for additional voltage regulation.  
     
     
         15 . A machine according to  claim 1 , wherein the means for varying the airgap comprises electronic means.  
     
     
         16 . A machine according to  claim 15 , comprising additional mechanical means for assisting in drawing the at least one magnet away from the stator to increase the airgap.  
     
     
         17 . A machine according to  claim 16 , wherein said additional mechanical means comprises flyweights.  
     
     
         18 . A machine according to any preceding claim, wherein said rotor includes a plurality of equi-angularly spaced magnets.  
     
     
         19 . A machine according to any preceding claim, further comprising feedback means for feeding back at least a portion of the output current to means which operate in response to said output current to push the at least one magnet back towards the stator and decrease the size of the airgap by an amount corresponding to the value of output current drawn by a load.  
     
     
         20 . A machine according to  claim 19 , wherein said means for pushing the at least one magnet back towards the stator includes a solenoid.  
     
     
         21 . A machine according to any preceding claim, wherein the stator includes inserts formed of a ferromagnetic material.  
     
     
         22 . A machine according to  claim 21 , wherein said inserts are formed of soft iron.  
     
     
         23 . A machine substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.  
     
     
         24 . A method of regulating the output voltage of a machine having a rotor and a stator, the rotor comprising at least one magnet which is located adjacent to the stator with an airgap therebetween, the method including the step of varying the size of said airgap in response to a variation in the speed of rotation of the rotor.  
     
     
         25 . A method according to  claim 24 , including the step of varying the size of the airgap by mechanical means.  
     
     
         26 . A method according to  claim 25 , including the step of additionally regulating the output voltage of the machine by electronic means.  
     
     
         27 . A method according to any one of  claims 24  to  26 , including the step of feeding back at least a portion of output current drawing from the machine by a load to means which operate in response to said output current to push the at least one magnet back towards the stator, thereby decreasing the size of the airgap by an amount corresponding to the value of output current drawn by the load.  
     
     
         28 . A method of regulating the output voltage of a machine substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawing.  
     
     
         29 . A stator for an electrical machine, the stator comprising electrical windings arranged as coil sectors disposed substantially equi-angularly in a generally circular pattern on two opposing sides of the stator, wherein at least some of the coil sectors are wound in a generally spiral fashion when viewed in the direction of the axis of symmetry of said generally circular pattern, characterised in that at least two of the coil sectors, one on each of the two opposing sides of the stator, are formed of a continuous electrical winding which passes through the stator from one side to the other side.  
     
     
         30 . A stator as claimed in  claim 29 , wherein each of the coil sectors is wound in a generally spiral fashion.  
     
     
         31 . A stator as claimed in  claim 30 , wherein all of the coil sectors are formed of a single electrical winding which passes back an forth through the stator from one side of the stator to the other side.  
     
     
         32 . A stator substantially as herein described with reference to the drawings.  
     
     
         33 . An electrical machine comprising at least one rotor and a stator according to any one of  claims 29  to  32 .