US2002045785A1PendingUtilityA1

Fuel composition

Priority: Nov 18, 1996Filed: Mar 2, 2001Published: Apr 18, 2002

Est. expiryNov 18, 2016(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority

Inventors:Roberto Vittorio Bazzani Paul James Bennett Graham Butler Alisdair Quentin Clark John Hardy Cooper

C10L 1/06C10L 1/023

PatentIndex Score

Cited by

References

Claims

Abstract

An unleaded gasoline comprising a base blend composition having a MON of at least 80 e.g. 80 to less than 98 for motor gasoline and at least 98 for aviation gasoline, which comprises component (a) at least 5% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I R—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 I wherein R is hydrogen or methyl, especially triptane, and component (b) at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4 to 12 carbon atoms. The corresponding unleaded formulated gasoline comprises also at least one motor or aviation gasoline additive. The blend or gasoline preferably contains at least one of isopentane, aromatics e.g. toluene, olefins, and oxygenates. The gasolines or blends give rise on combustion to reduced levels of emissions of exhaust gases, in particular carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and total hydrocarbons.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified

We claim:

1 . An unleaded formulated gasoline comprising a base blend composition having a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising component (a) at least 5% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I
R—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 I
wherein R is hydrogen or methyl
and component (b) at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and at least one gasoline additive.

2 . An unleaded formulated motor gasoline according to claim 1 which comprises at least one motor gasoline additive.

3 . A gasoline according to claim 1 wherein said composition has a MON value of 80 to less than 98 and said saturated hydrocarbon has 4 to 10 carbons.

4 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which comprises as component (a) at least 8% of triptane and said saturated hydrocarbon has 5 to 10 carbon atoms.

5 . An unleaded formulated gasoline comprising a base blend composition having a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising component (a) at least 5% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I
R—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 I
wherein R is hydrogen or methyl and as component (b) at least one of isomerate, alkylate, straight run gasoline, and light hydrocrackate, and at least one motor gasoline additive.

6 . A gasoline according to claim 5 wherein said composition has a MON value of 80 to less than 98.

7 . A gasoline according to claim 6 wherein said composition comprises at least 8% of triptane and wherein component b comprises at least one of isomerate, alkylate, aviation alkylate and straight run gasoline and comprises at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 5-10 carbon atoms.

8 . A gasoline according to claim 1 which comprises at least one saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4-6 carbons, which has a lower boiling point than triptane and has a Motor Octane Number greater than 88.

9 . A gasoline according to claim 1 which comprises at least one saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon having 5-10 carbon atoms, which has a higher boiling point than triptane and has a Motor Octane Number greater than 92.

10 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which comprises at least one olefin which is an alkene of 5-10 carbons, with a MON value of 70-90 in amount of 1-30%, preferably 5-20%.

11 . A gasoline according to claim 10 which comprises at least one of catalytically cracked spirit, steam cracked spirit C 6 bisomer, catalytic polymerate and dimate.

12 . A gasoline according to claim 11 which comprises catalytically cracked spirit.

13 . A gasoline according to claim 1 which also comprises at least one aromatic compound of MON value 90-110, in amount of 2-40% especially 3-28% (by volume).

14 . A gasoline according to claim 13 which also comprises catalytically reformed or cracked gasoline.

15 . A gasoline according to claim 1 which also comprises at least one oxygenate octane booster of MON value of at least 96 in amount of 1-25%.

16 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which has a Reid Vapour pressure at 37.8° C. measured according to ASTM D323 of 40-100 kPa.

17 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which meets the following criterion

Atom



H



C
×

[

1
+
oxy

]

[

Net



Heat



of



Combustion

200

+
ROAD

]

≥
y

wherein Atom H:C is the fraction of hydrogen to carbon in the hydrocarbons in the composition, oxy means the molar fraction of oxygenate, if any, in the composition, Net Heat of Combustion is the energy derived from burning 1 lb (454 g) weight of fuel (in gaseous form) in oxygen to give gaseous water and carbon dioxide expressed in Btu/lb units [MJ/kg times 430.35], and y is at least 350 in particular 350-440, and ROAD is the average of Motor Octane Number and Research Octane Number.

18 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which comprises 10-90% of triptane, 10-80% of component (b), 0-25% naphtha, 0-15% of butane, 0-20% of olefin, 3-28% aromatics and 0-25% oxygenate.

19 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which comprises 5-20% aromatics, and 5-18.5% olefins.

20 . A gasoline according to claim 2 , which comprises 8-65% of triptane, especially 15-35%, 0.1-30% such as 2-25% olefins, especially 3-14% and 5-35% aromatics, 5-50% component (b) mixtures, oxygenates, in amount of less than 3% and less than 1.5% benzene e.g. 0.1-1%, and having RON of 97-99, MON 87-90 and ROAD values of 92-94.5.

21 . A gasoline according to claim 2 , which comprises 5-25% triptane, 5-15% olefins, 15-35% aromatics and 40-65% component (b) and of RON value 94.5-97.5, in particular 15-25% triptane, 7-15% olefins, 15-25% aromatics and 45-52% component (b) mixture and of RON value 96.5-97.5.

22 . A gasoline according to claim 2 , which comprises 1-15%, butane, 0-20% MTBE, 20-80% of refinery mixed liquid C 6 -C 9 streams (apart from naphtha) 0-25% naphtha, 15-65% triptane, with RON 93-100, MON 80-98, and RVP 40-80 kPa, with 1-30% olefins and 2-30% aromatics.

23 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which comprises 8-18% triptane, 10-50% e.g. 25-40% of total component (b) mixture, 5-40% e.g. 20-35% of total aromatics mixture, 15-30% of total olefinic mixture and 0-15% total oxygenate.

24 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which comprises 20-40% triptane, 8-55% of the total component (b) mixture, 5-25% total aromatics mixture, and 10-55% total olefin mixture.

25 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which comprises 40-55% triptane, 5-30% total component (b) mixture, 0-10% total aromatic mixture, 10-45% olefinic mixture and 0-15% oxygenates, with the total of oxygenates (if any) and olefinic mixture of 20-45%.

26 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which comprises 55-70% triptane, 10-45% total component b, and 0-10% total aromatics Mixture, and 0-30% total olefinics mixtures, especially 55-70% triptane, 10-25% total component (b), 0 or 0.5-5% total aromatics mixture and 15-30% total olefinic mixture.

27 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which has a ROAD Index, which is the average of MON and RON, of 85.5-88.5, and comprises 8-30% triptane and 10-50% total component (b) mixture, 5-30% total olefins and 10-40% total aromatics.

28 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which has a ROAD Index of 88.5-91.0 and comprises 5-25% triptane, 20-45% total component (b) mixture, 1-25% total olefins, and 10-35% e.g. 10-20% or 20-35% total aromatics.

29 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which has a ROAD Index of 91.0-94.0, and comprises 5-65% triptane and 5-40% total component (b) mixture, 1-30% total olefins and 5-55% total aromatics.

30 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which has a ROAD Index of 94-97.9, and comprises 20-65% triptane, 5-15% total olefins, 5-20% total aromatics and 5-50% total component (b) mixture.

31 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which comprises 15-35% triptane, 0-18.5% olefin, 5-40% aromatics and 25-65% saturates and has less than 1% benzene.

32 . A gasoline according to claim 2 which comprises 40-65% triptane, 5-18.5% olefins, 5-28% aromatics and 35-55% saturates and less than 1% benzene.

33 . A gasoline according to claim 2 wherein motor gasoline additive is an antioxidant, corrosion inhibitor, anti-icing additive, engine detergent additive or anti-static additive, or mixture thereof.

34 . A gasoline according to claim 5 wherein the motor gasoline additive is an antioxidant, corrosion inhibitor, anti-icing additive, engine detergent additive or anti-static additive, or mixture thereof.

35 . A gasoline according to claim 33 wherein the additive is an antioxidant.

36 . An unleaded aviation fuel, having a Motor Octane Number of at least 98, and having a final boiling point of less than 170° C. which comprises:
component (a) comprising at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I
R—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 (I)
wherein R is hydrogen or methyl
and component
(b) at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 5 or 6 carbon atoms wherein at least 20% by volume of the total composition is a hydrocarbon of formula I, together with at least one aviation gasoline additive.

37 . A fuel according to claim 36 wherein the hydrocarbon of formula I is triptane.

38 . A fuel according to claim 37 having a Reid Vapour Pressure at 37.8° C. of 38-60 kPascals.

39 . A fuel according to claim 38 with a Reid Vapour Pressure of 38-49 kpascals.

40 . A fuel according to claim 37 wherein component (b) comprises a component (III) which is more volatile and has a lower boiling point than triptane, and has a Motor Octane Number greater than 88.

41 . A fuel according to claim 40 wherein component (III) comprises iso-pentane.

42 . A fuel according to claim 41 wherein the fuel composition comprises 5-40% by volume of iso-pentane.

43 . A fuel according to claim 41 wherein component (III) comprises butane and iso-pentane.

44 . A fuel according to claim 40 wherein the fuel composition comprises 0.1-3.0% by volume of n-butane.

45 . A fuel according to claim 40 wherein component (b) comprises in addition to component (III) a component (IV) having a boiling point higher than triptane but less than 170° C. and having a Motor Octane Number of at least 92.

46 . A fuel according to claim 45 wherein component (IV) is iso-octane.

47 . A fuel according to claim 36 wherein the composition comprises up to 30% by volume of an aromatic liquid hydrocarbon of 6-8 carbons.

48 . A fuel according to claim 47 wherein the composition comprises 5-30% by volume of toluene.

49 . A fuel according to claim 36 which comprises as component (I) said hydrocarbon having the formula I and a component (II) an oxygenate octane booster.

50 . A fuel according to claim 49 wherein the component (II) is an ether.

51 . A fuel according to claim 50 wherein the ether is methyl tertiary butyl ether.

52 . A fuel according to claim 36 wherein 35-92% by volume of the total composition is the combined volume of the hydrocarbon of formula I and methyl tertiary butyl ether (if present).

53 . A fuel according to claim 41 which comprises 80-90% of triptane, with isopentane and optionally butane.

54 . A fuel according to claim 41 which comprises 30-80% of triptane, and also III isopentane and IV iso-octane, the volume ratio of III to IV being 35-15:65-85.

55 . A fuel according to claim 48 which comprises 50-90% triptane, 5-25% isopentane and 5-30% toluene.

56 . A fuel according to claim 55 which comprises 0-15% methyl tertiary butyl ether.

57 . A fuel according to claim 36 which has a calorific value of at least 42 MJ/kg.

58 . A fuel according to claim 57 which has a calorific value of at least 43.5 MJ/kg.

59 . A fuel according to claim 36 wherein the Performance Number for supercharging is at least 130.

60 . An fuel according to claim 36 wherein the aviation gasoline additive is selected from anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, anti-icing additives and anti-static additives.

61 . A fuel according to claim 60 wherein the antioxidant is one or more hindered phenols.

62 . An unleaded blend composition having a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising component (a) at least 5% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I
R—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 I
wherein R is hydrogen or methyl
and component (b) at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and also either comprises at least one of an olefin of 5-10 carbon atoms, aromatic compound in amount of 1-28% or benzene in amount of less than 5% benzene, or comprises at least 20% of said compound of formula 1, has a MON of at least 98 and has a final boiling point of less than 170° C.

63 . An unleaded blend composition having a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising component (a) at least 5% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I
R—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 I
wherein R is hydrogen or methyl
and component (b) at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and also comprises at least one of an olefin of 5-10 carbon atoms, aromatic compound in amount of 1-28% or benzene in amount of less than 5% benzene

64 . An unleaded motor gasoline base blend composition having a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising component (a) 10-40% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I
R—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 I
wherein R is hydrogen or methyl
and component (b) at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4 to 12 carbon atoms and less than 5% benzene, and said composition having a Reid Vapour Pressure at 37.8° C. measured according to ASTMD323 of 30-120 kPa.

65 . A composition according to claim 64 which also comprises at least one olefin of 5-10 carbon atoms, aromatic compound in amount of 1-28% or less than 1% benzene.

66 . An unleaded motor gasoline base blend composition having a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising component (a) at least 5% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I
R—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 I
wherein R is hydrogen or methyl
and at least one of isomerate, alkylate and straight run gasoline, which contains component (b) which is at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4 to 12 carbon atoms.

67 . A composition according to claim 63 which comprises said olefin and 1-35% aromatics.

68 . A composition according to claim 63 of MON 80 to less than 98 which comprises at least 8% of triptane, component (b) comprising said hydrocarbon of 5 to 10 carbon atoms, and a liquid alkene of 5-10 carbon atoms, and optionally butane.

69 . A composition according to claim 64 of MON 80 to less than 98 which comprises at least 8% of triptane, component (b) comprising said hydrocarbon of 5 to 10 carbon atoms, and a liquid alkene of 5-10 carbon atoms, and optionally butane.

70 . A composition according to claim 60 of MON 80 to less than 98 which comprises at least 8% of triptane, component (b) comprising said hydrocarbon of 5 to 10 carbon atoms, and a liquid alkene of 5-10 carbon atoms, and optionally butane.

71 . A composition according to claim 68 which comprises at least one of isomerate, alkylate, aviation alkylate and straight run gasoline, which contains component (b).

72 . A composition according to claim 63 which also comprises at least one saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4-6 carbons which has a boiling point at atmospheric pressure at least 30° C. lower than the hydrocarbon of formula I.

73 . An unleaded aviation fuel composition, having a Motor Octane Number of at least 98, and having a final boiling point of less than 170° C. which comprises:
component (a) comprising at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I
R—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 (I)
wherein R is hydrogen or methyl
and component
(b) at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 5 or 6 carbon atoms wherein at least 20% by volume of the total composition is a hydrocarbon of formula I.

74 . A composition according to claim 73 which comprises at least 30% by volume of the hydrocarbon of formula I, which is triptane.

75 . A composition according to claim 74 having a Reid Vapour Pressure at 37.8° C. of 38-60 kPascals.

76 . A composition according to claim 73 wherein component (b) comprises a component (III) which is more volatile and has a lower boiling point than triptane and a Motor Octane Number greater than 88.

77 . A composition according to claim 76 wherein component (III) comprises iso- pentane.

78 . A composition according to claim 77 which comprises 5-25% by volume of iso-pentane.

79 . A composition according to claims 76 wherein component (III) comprises butane and iso-pentane.

80 . A composition according to claim 76 wherein the fuel composition comprises 0.1-3.0% by volume of n-butane.

81 . A composition according to claim 76 wherein component (b) comprises in addition to component (III) a component (IV) having a boiling point higher than triptane but less than 170° C., and having a Motor Octane Number of at least 92.

82 . A composition according to claim 81 wherein component (IV) is iso-octane.

83 . A composition according to claim 73 wherein the composition comprises up to 30% by volume of an aromatic liquid hydrocarbon of 6-8 carbons.

84 . A composition according to claim 73 which comprises as component (I) said hydrocarbon having the formula I and a component (II) an oxygenate octane booster.

85 . A composition according to claim 84 wherein the component (II) is an ether.

86 . A composition according to claim 85 wherein the ether is methyl tertiary butyl ether.

87 . A composition according to claim 74 wherein 35-92% by volume of the total composition is the combined volume of the hydrocarbon of formula I and methyl tertiary butyl ether (if present).

88 . A composition according to claim 74 which comprises 80-90% of triptane, with isopentane and optionally butane.

89 . A composition according to claim 74 which comprises 30-80% of triptane, and also III isopentane and IV iso-octane, the volume ratio of III to IV being 35-15:65-85.

90 . A composition according to claim 83 which comprises 50-90% triptane, 5-25% isopentane and 5-30% toluene.

91 . A composition according to claim 90 which comprises 0-15% methyl tertiary butyl ether.

92 . A composition according to claim 74 which has a calorific value of at least 43.5 MJ/kg.

93 . A composition according to claim 74 wherein the Performance Number for supercharging is at least 130.

94 . A method of reducing emissions of exhaust gases in the combustion of unleaded gasoline fuels of MON of at least 80 which comprises having a compound of formula I as defined in claim 1 present in the fuel which is a gasoline as claimed in claim 1 .

95 . A method according to claim 94 in which the fuel is a motor gasoline with a MON of 80 to less than 98.

96 . A method according to claim 94 in which the fuel is an aviation gasoline with a MON of at least 98.

97 . A method according to claim 94 to reduce emissions on cold start of a spark ignition combustion engine.

98 . Use of a compound of formula I, RCH 2 CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 wherein R is hydrogen or methyl, in an unleaded gasoline of MON of at least 80 as claimed in claim 1 to reduce emissions of exhaust gases on combustion thereof.

99 . An unleaded aviation fuel composition, having a Motor Octane Number of at least 98, which comprises:
component (a) comprising at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I R—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 (I) wherein R is hydrogen or methyl and component (b) at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4-10 carbon atoms wherein at least 30% by volume of the total composition is a hydrocarbon of formula I.

100 . A composition according to claim 99 wherein the hydrocarbon of formula I is triptane.

101 . A composition according to claim 99 having a Reid Vapour Pressure at 37.8° C. of 38-60 kpascals, preferably 38-49 kPascals.

102 . A composition according to claim 99 wherein component (b) comprises a component (III) which is more volatile and has a lower boiling point than triptane, with a Motor Octane Number greater than 88, preferably iso-pentane.

103 . A composition according to claim 99 wherein the fuel composition comprises 5-40% by volume of iso-pentane, preferably 5-25% by volume of iso-pentane.

104 . A composition according to claim 102 wherein component (III) comprises butane and iso-pentane.

105 . A composition according to claim 99 wherein component (b) comprises in addition to component (III) a component (IV) having a boiling point higher than triptane but less than 170° C., with a Motor Octane Number of at least 92, preferably iso-octane.

106 . A composition according to claim 99 wherein the composition comprises up to 30% by volume of an aromatic liquid hydrocarbon of 6-8 carbons, preferably 5-30% by volume of toluene.

107 . A composition according to claim 99 which comprises as component (I) said hydrocarbon having the formula I and a component (II) an oxygenate octane booster, which is an ether, preferably methyl tertiary butyl ether or ethyl tertiary butyl ether.

108 . A composition according to claim 105 which comprises 30-80% of triptane, and also III isopentane and IV iso-octane, the volume ratio of III to IV being 35-15:65-85.

109 . A composition according to claim 104 which comprises 40-90% of triptane, an isomerate fraction comprising 30-70% isopentane the amount of isomerate being 6-44% of the composition, and in the composition also isooctane in amount of 10-35% of the composition and 1-3.5% of butane.

110 . A composition according to claim 109 which comprises 40-60% triptane, 6-17% isomerate, 10-35% isooctane, 1-3.5% butane, the isooctane being at least partly present in a mixture predominantly of iso C 7 and iso C 8 hydrocarbons with small amount of iso C 6 and iso C 9 hydrocarbons, said mixture providing 8-55% of the total volume of the composition.

111 . A composition according to claim 106 which comprises 50-90% triptane, 5-25% isopentane and 5-30% toluene.

112 . A composition according to claim 99 which comprises 1-30% by volume of a branched chain alkyl substituted benzene wherein a branched chain alkyl group is a secondary or tertiary alkyl group of 3-5 carbons, and there are 1 or 2 of such groups as substituents.

113 . A composition according to claim 112 wherein said substituted benzene is tertbutyl benzene.

114 . A composition according to claim 112 which comprises 2-7% butane, 1-15% isopentane, 50-90% triptane, 1-25% isooctane, 1-15% toluene, 5-25% of methyl tertbutyl ether or ethyl tert butyl ether, and 1-20% tertbutyl benzene.

115 . An unleaded aviation fuel having a Motor Octane Number of at least 98, and a final boiling point less than 170° C. which comprises:
component (a) comprising at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I
R—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 (I)
wherein R is hydrogen or methyl
and component
(b) at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4 to 10 carbon atoms wherein at least 20% by volume of the total composition is a hydrocarbon of formula I, together with at least one aviation gasoline additive selected from anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, anti-icing additives and anti-static additives.

116 . An unleaded aviation fuel composition having a Motor Octane Number of at least 98 which comprises 1-30% (by volume) of component (h) a branched chain alkyl substituted benzene, having 1 or 2 branched chain secondary tertiary alkyl groups of 3-5 carbons, and (b) at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4-10 carbon atoms.

117 . A composition according to claim 116 which comprises 4-10% of butane 0 or 2-10% isopentane, 45-75% isooctane, 0 or 8-35% toluene and 0% or 5-25% methyl or ethyl tert butyl ether, and 5-30% tertbutyl benzene.

118 . An unleaded aviation fuel having a Motor Octane Number of at least 98 which comprises a fuel composition according to claim 116 and at least one aviation gasoline additive selected from antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, anti-icing additives and antistatic additives.

119 . A method of boosting the octane number of an unleaded aviation gasoline which comprises having present in said gasoline a compound of formula I or a branched chain alkyl substituted benzene having 1 or 2 branched chain secondary or tertiary alkyl groups of 3-5 carbons.

120 . A method of reducing the exhaust gas temperature from combustion in a spark ignition aviation combustion engine of an unleaded aviation gasoline, which comprises having present in said gasoline a compound of formula I or a branched chain alkyl substituted benzene having 1 or 2 branched chain secondary or tertiary alkyl groups of 3-5 carbons.

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