Methods for production of the oxidized glutathione composite with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum and pharmaceutical compositions based thereof regulating metabolism, proliferation, differentiation and apoptotic mechanisms for normal and transformed cells

Abstract

The present invention relates to a composite for the treatment of a variety of medical conditions, the composite comprising an oxidized glutathione-based compound, which has a disulfide bond, and a metal material, in particular where the metal is either platinum or palladium. The oxidized glutathione-based compound and metal material can be present in a ratio of 3000 to 1 and preferably 1000 to 1. The oxidized glutathione-based compound can be oxidized glutathione itself or salts or derivatives. A feature of the invention is that the composite has a more stabilized disulfide bond than the oxidized glutathione-based compound itself. Methods for preparing the composite are provided, such methods being beneficial in that the composite is provided in high yields and at high purity. Methods for treating various medical conditions with the composites of the present invention are also disclosed.

What is claimed:  
     
         1 . A composite comprising an oxidized glutathione-based compound and a metal material in a molar equivalent ratio of between about 3000:1 to about 1:1, wherein the metal material comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum and palladium.  
     
     
         2 . The composite of  claim 1 , wherein the composite comprises the oxidized glutathione-based compound and the metal material in a molar equivalent ratio of between about 1000:1 to about 1:1.  
     
     
         3 . The composite of  claim 2 , wherein the composite comprises the oxidized glutathione-based compound and the metal material in a molar equivalent ratio of between about 1000:1 to about 10:1.  
     
     
         4 . The composite of  claim 2 , wherein the composite comprises the oxidized glutathione-based compound and the metal material in a molar equivalent ratio of between about 1000:1 to about 100:1.  
     
     
         5 . The composite of  claim 1 , wherein the metal is platinum.  
     
     
         6 . The composite of  claim 3 , wherein the platinum material is selected from the group consisting of a platinum salt, a coordination compound and an organometallic compound.  
     
     
         7 . The composite of  claim 6 , wherein the platinum material is a platinum coordination compound.  
     
     
         8 . The composite of  claim 7 , wherein the coordination compound is cis-platin.  
     
     
         9 . The composite of  claim 1 , wherein the oxidized-based glutathione compound has the formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         and salts of said formula;  
         wherein A, B, D, E, G and H can be the same or different and each is selected from the group consisting of an organic unit and salts of the organic unit.  
       
     
     
         10 . The composite of  claim 9 , wherein A, B, D, E, G and H can be the same or different and each includes a unit selected from the group consisting of amine groups, carboxyl groups and amides.  
     
     
         11 . The composite of  claim 10 , wherein any two of A, B, D, E, G and H are linked to each other by at least one covalent bond.  
     
     
         12 . The composite of  claim 11 , wherein any two of A, B, D, E, G and H are linked to each other by an amide bond.  
     
     
         13 . The composite of  claim 10 , wherein A, B, D, E, G and H can be the same or different and each includes an amino acid.  
     
     
         14 . The composite of  claim 10 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is oxidized glutathione and both A and E are —CO 2 H, both B and D are —NH 2  and both G and H are —CO 2 M, M being a counterion.  
     
     
         15 . The composite of  claim 10 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is S-thioethylamine•glutathione disulfide.  
     
     
         16 . The composite of  claim 10 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is bis-(DL-6,8-thioetic acid)•glutathione disulfide.  
     
     
         17 . The composite of  claim 10 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is (β-alanyl-L-histidyl)•glutathione disulfide.  
     
     
         18 . The composite of  claim 10 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is (9-β-D-ribofuranosyladenyl)•glutathione disulfide.  
     
     
         19 . The composite of  claim 10 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is bis-(L-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid)•glutathione disulfide.  
     
     
         20 . The composite of  claim 10 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is bis-(L-phenylalanyl)•glutathione disulfide.  
     
     
         21 . The composite of  claim 10 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound has an acylated primary glutamic acid amino group of oxidized glutathione.  
     
     
         22 . The composite of  claim 21 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is selected from the group consisting of bis-(methionyl)•glutathione disulfide, bis-(aspartyl)•glutathione disulfide, bis-(histidyl)•glutathione disulfide, bis-(3-iodine-tyrosyl)•glutathione disulfide, (γ-aminobutanoyl)•glutathione disulfide, bis-(γ-hydroxybutanoyl)•glutathione disulfide, bis-(lipoyl)•glutathione disulfide, and bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylalaninyl)•glutathione disulfide.  
     
     
         23 . The composite of  claim 8 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound has an amide or phosphoramide bond to a unit selected from the group consisting of heterocyclic carbonic acids and nucleotides.  
     
     
         24 . The composite of  claim 23 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is selected from the group consisting of bis-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)•glutathione disulfide, uridine-5′-monophosphatoyl•glutathione disulfide, inosine-5′-monophosphatoyl•glutathione disulfide, folliculylsuccinyl•glutathione disulfide and glycerol-1,3-diphosphatyl•glutathione disulfide.  
     
     
         25 . The composite of  claim 10 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is selected from the group consisting of tetra-dopamine•glutathione disulfide and theophylline•glutathione disulfide.  
     
     
         26 . The composite of  claim 1 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is chemically interacted with the material comprising platinum.  
     
     
         27 . A method for stabilizing a disulfide bond of an oxidized glutathione-based compound, comprising interacting the oxidized glutathione-based compound with a material comprising platinum.  
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the metal-stabilized oxidized glutathione-based compound is GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the metal-stabilized oxidized glutathione-based compound is a salt of GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the platinum present in an amount of between about 0.0003 molar equivalent to about 1 molar equivalent relative to the oxidized glutathione-based compound.  
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the platinum is present in an amount of between about 0.001 molar equivalent to about 0.01 molar equivalent relative to the oxidized glutathione-based compound.  
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the platinum is present in an amount of between about 0.001 molar equivalent to about 0.1 molar equivalent relative to the oxidized glutathione-based compound.  
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the platinum is present in an amount of between about 0.001 molar equivalent to about 1 molar equivalent relative to the oxidized glutathione-based compound.  
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the platinum is selected from the group consisting of platinum metal, a salt, a coordination compound and an organometallic compound.  
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein the material is cis-platin.  
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound comprises the formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         and salts of said formula;  
         wherein A, B, D, E, G and H can be the same or different and each is selected from the group consisting of an organic unit and salts of the organic unit.  
       
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the interacting comprises: 
 providing a glutathione-based compound; and    reacting the glutathione-based compound with an oxidant and a material comprising platinum to form an oxidized glutathione-based compound having a stabilized disulfide bond.    
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 37 , wherein the oxidant is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.  
     
     
         39 . The method of  claim 38 , wherein the oxidant is hydrogen peroxide.  
     
     
         40 . The method of  claim 39 , wherein the reacting step comprises reacting one molar equivalent of the glutathione-based compound with less than about 1 molar equivalent of the hydrogen peroxide and between about 0.0003 molar equivalent and about 1 molar equivalent of the material comprising platinum.  
     
     
         41 . The method of  claim 39 , wherein the reacting step comprises reacting one molar equivalent of the glutathione-based compound with less than about 1 molar equivalent of the hydrogen peroxide and between about 0.001 molar equivalent and about 0.1 molar equivalent of the material comprising platinum.  
     
     
         42 . The method of  claim 39 , wherein the reacting step comprises reacting one molar equivalent of the glutathione-based compound with less than about 1 molar equivalent of the hydrogen peroxide and between about 0.001 molar equivalent and about 0.01 molar equivalent of the material comprising platinum.  
     
     
         43 . The method of  claim 40 , wherein the reacting step comprises reacting one molar equivalent of the glutathione-based compound with less than about 1 molar equivalent of the hydrogen peroxide and between about 0.001 molar equivalent and about I molar equivalent of the material comprising platinum.  
     
     
         44 . The method of  claim 40 , wherein the reacting step comprises reacting one molar equivalent of the glutathione-based compound with about 0.9 molar equivalent of the hydrogen peroxide and between about 0.0003 molar equivalent and about 1 molar equivalent of the material comprising platinum.  
     
     
         45 . The method of  claim 40 , wherein the reacting step comprises reacting one molar equivalent of the glutathione-based compound with about 0.9 molar equivalent of the hydrogen peroxide and between about 0.001 molar equivalent and about 0.1 molar equivalent of the material comprising platinum.  
     
     
         46 . The method of  claim 40 , wherein the reacting step comprises reacting one molar equivalent of the glutathione-based compound with about 0.9 molar equivalent of the hydrogen peroxide and between about 0.001 molar equivalent and about 0.01 molar equivalent of the material comprising platinum.  
     
     
         47 . The method of  claim 44 , wherein the reacting step comprises reacting one molar equivalent of the glutathione-based compound with about 0.9 molar equivalent of the hydrogen peroxide and between about 0.001 molar equivalent and about 1 molar equivalent of the material comprising platinum.  
     
     
         48 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the interacting comprises adding between about 0.0003 molar equivalent to about 1 molar equivalent of the material comprising platinum to 1 about molar equivalent of the oxidized glutathione-based compound.  
     
     
         49 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is a salt selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and transition metal salts.  
     
     
         50 . The method of  claim 49 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is a salt selected from the group consisting of lithium salts, sodium salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts, calcium salts, vanadium salts, manganese salts, iron salts, molybdenum salts and zinc salts.  
     
     
         51 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the oxidized glutathione-based compound is a fluoride-containing salt.  
     
     
         52 . A method of-stimulating endogenous production of cytokines and hemopoietic factors comprising introducing to a mammalian body in need of stimulation of cytokines or hemopoietic factors or both, an effective amount of a composite comprising an oxidized glutathione-based compound and a metal material in a molar equivalent ratio of between about 3000:1 to about 1:1 wherein the metal material comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum and palladium, for a period of time to stimulate said endogenous production to obtain a therapeutic effect for a disease.  
     
     
         53 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the molar equivalent ratio is between about 1000:1 to about 1:1.  
     
     
         54 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the molar equivalent ratio is between about 1000:1 to about 10:1.  
     
     
         55 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the molar equivalent ratio is between about 1000:1 to about 100:1.  
     
     
         56 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the metal is platinum.  
     
     
         57 . The method of  claim 56 , wherein the material is cis-platin.  
     
     
         58 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the composite is administered orally.  
     
     
         59 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of oncological, infectious, immunological, ischemic, neurodegenerative, metabolic, endocrinal and other diseases.  
     
     
         60 . The method of  claim 59 , wherein the oncological disease is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, melanoma, cerebral tumors, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukosis and acute myeloblastic leukosis.  
     
     
         61 . The method of  claim 59 , wherein the infectious disease is selected from the group consisting of tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B, viral hepatitis C, mixed infections (HBV and HCV), herpes, meningitis (sepsis), peritonitis, acute pancreatis and supporative post-surgery sequalae.  
     
     
         62 . The method of  claim 59 , wherein the immunological disease is selected from the group consisting of AIDS, immunosuppressions of infectious origin, immunosuppressions of radiation origin, immunosuppressions of toxic origin, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, collagenosis, systemic lupus erythematosis and atopic forms of allergic conditions.  
     
     
         63 . The method of  claim 59 , wherein the ischemic disease is selected from the group consisting of ischemic cerebral conditions and ischemic heart disease.  
     
     
         64 . The method of  claim 59 , wherein the neurodegenerative disease is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, hereditary (Huntington's) chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neuro-AIDS and demyelinating diseases.  
     
     
         65 . The method of  claim 59 , wherein the neurodegenerative disease is a neurobehavioral disease selected from the group consisting of narcotic abstinence, cerebral hypoxia, manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia.  
     
     
         66 . The method of  claim 59 , wherein the metabolic disease is atherosclerosis.  
     
     
         67 . The method of  claim 59 , wherein the endocrinal disease is associated with hypothalamic-hypophysil-ovarian function.  
     
     
         68 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the therapeutic effect comprises a process selected from the group consisting of regulating proliferation in normal cells, regulating differentiation in normal cells and inducing apoptosis of transformed cells.  
     
     
         69 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the composite is administered in a dosage of between about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg by body weight.  
     
     
         70 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the composite is administered in a dosage of between about 1 mg/m 2  to about 100 mg/m 2  by body surface.  
     
     
         71 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the composite is administered as a solution form selected from the group consisting of inhalation solutions, local instillations, eye drops, intranasal introductions, ointment for epicutaneous applications, intravenous solutions, injection solutions and suppositories.  
     
     
         72 . The method of  claim 71 , wherein the solution has a concentration of between about 1% to about 10% of the composite.  
     
     
         73 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the composite is administered as an injectable form.  
     
     
         74 . The method of  claim 73 , wherein the injectable form comprises the composite in a solution in a concentration of between about 0.01% to about 3.0%.  
     
     
         75 . The method of  claim 72 , wherein the composite is administered in a dosage of between about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg by body weight.  
     
     
         76 . The method of  claim 72 , wherein the composite is administered in a dosage of between about 1 mg/m 2  to about 100 mg/m 2  by body surface.  
     
     
         77 . A method of enhancing and prolonging the ability of an oxidized glutathione-based compound to stimulate endogenous production of cytokine and hemopoietic factors, said method comprising interacting the oxidized glutathione-based compound with a metal material in a molar equivalent ratio of between about 3000:1 to about 1:1 wherein the metal material comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum and palladium.  
     
     
         78 . The method of  claim 68 , wherein said cells are in a mammalian body and said composite is introduced into said body at a rate of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg of body weight at least one time a day for at least one day.  
     
     
         79 . The method of  claim 68 , wherein said cells are in a mammalian body and said composite is introduced topically to a topical area at a dose of from about 1.0 mg/m 2  to about 100 mg/m 2  of topical area.  
     
     
         80 . A method for treating a subject having a disease, comprising: 
 administering to the subject in need of such treatment a composite comprising an oxidized glutathione-based compound and a metal material in a molar equivalent ratio of between about 3000:1 to about 1:1 in an amount effective to stimulate endogenous production of cytokines and or hemopoietic factors or both, to obtain a therapeutic effect, wherein the metal material comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum and palladium.    
     
     
         81 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the molar equivalent ratio is between about 1000:1 to about 1:1.  
     
     
         82 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the molar equivalent ratio is between about 1000:1 to about 10:1.  
     
     
         83 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the molar equivalent ratio is between about 1000:1 to about 100:1.  
     
     
         84 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is lung cancer and the composite is GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         85 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is melanoma and the composite is bis-(-iodine-tyrosyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         86 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is a cerebral tumor and the composite is bis-(dopamine)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         87 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is a colorectal cancer and the composite is bis-(cysteamine)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         88 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is breast cancer and the composite is cysteamine-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         89 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is prostate cancer and the composite is dizinc salts of GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         90 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is ovarian cancer and the composite is theophylline-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         91 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is acute lymphoblastic leukosis and the composite is a lithium salt of GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         92 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is acute myeloblastic leukosis and the composite is selected from the group consisting of dilithium salt of GSSG•Pt and cysteamine-GSSG•Pt and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         93 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is tuberculosis and the composite is bis-(histidyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         94 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of viral hepatitis B, viral hepatitis C, and mixed-infections thereof and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and inosine-5-monophosphatyl-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         95 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is herpes and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and inosine-5-monophosphatyl-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         96 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is meningitis, sepsis and the composite is tetra-dopamine-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         97 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is peritonitis and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and tetra-dopamine-GSSG•Pt and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         98 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is acute pancreatitis and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and inosine-5-monophosphatyl-GSSG•Pt and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         99 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is suppurative post-surgery sequalae and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and inosine-5-monophosphatyl-GSSG•Pt and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         100 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is AIDS and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and uridine-(5-monophosphatyl)-GSSG•Pt and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         101 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is immunosuppressions of infectious origin and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and uridine-(5-monophosphatyl)-GSSG•Pt and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         102 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is glomerulonephritis and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and a lithium salt of GSSG•Pt and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         103 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and a lithium salt of GSSG•Pt and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         104 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is collagenosis and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and a lithium salt of GSSG•Pt and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         105 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and a lithium salt of GSSG•Pt and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         106 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is an atopic form of an allergic condition and the composite is selected from the group consisting of GSSG•Pt and dihydrofluoride-GSSG•Pt and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         107 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is diabetes-type I and the composite is a vanadium salt of GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         108 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is diabetes-type II and the composite is bis-(lipoyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         109 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is an ischemic cerebral condition and the composite is bis-(phenylalanyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         110 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is an ischemic heart disease and the composite is bis-(carnosyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         111 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is an ischemic heart disease manifested mainly as a syndrome of functional myocardial failure and the composite is glycerol-(1,3-diphosphatyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         112 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is neurodegenerative disease and the composite is bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         113 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is demyelinating disease and the composite is bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         114 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is cerebral hypoxia and the composite is gamma-hydroxy-(butanoyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         115 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is manic-depressive psychosis and the composite is gamma-amino-(butanoyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         116 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is metabolic disease and the composite is bis-(nicotinoyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         117 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the disease is an endocrinal disease and the composite is folliculyl-(succinyl)-GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         118 . The method of  claim 120 , wherein said normal and transformed cells are in a mammalian body and said composite is introduced into said body at a rate of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg of body weight at least one time a day for at least one day.  
     
     
         119 . The method of  claim 120 , wherein said normal and transformed cells are in a mammalian body and said composite is introduced topically to a topical area at a dose of from about 1.0 mg/m 2  to about 100 mg/m 2  of topical area.  
     
     
         120 . The method of  claim 77 , wherein the enhancement and prolonging of the ability of the oxidized glutathione-based compound to stimulate endogenous production of cytokine and hemopoietic factors comprises a process selected from the group consisting of regulating proliferation in normal cells, regulating differentiation in normal cells and inducing apoptosis of transformed cells.  
     
     
         121 . The composite of  claim 1 , wherein the composite is present in a dosage form for therapeutic use.  
     
     
         122 . The composite of  claim 121 , wherein the dosage is between about 0.10 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg by body weight.  
     
     
         123 . The composite of  claim 121 , wherein the dosage is between about 1 mg/m 2  to about 100 mg/m 2  by body surface.  
     
     
         124 . The composite of  claim 121 , wherein the composite is capable of being introduced topically and the dosage is between about 1 mg/m 2  to about 100 mg/m 2  of topical area.  
     
     
         125 . The composite of  claim 122 , wherein the composite is capable of being introduced in injectable form in a concentration between about 1% to about 10% by weight/volume.  
     
     
         126 . The composite of  claim 122 , wherein the composite is capable of being introduced in injectable form in a concentration between about 0.01% to about 3.0% by weight/volume.  
     
     
         127 . The composite of  claim 1 , wherein the composite is GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         128 . The composite of  claim 1 , wherein the composite is a salt of GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         129 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the composite is GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         130 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the composite is a salt of GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         131 . The method of  claim 77 , wherein the composite is GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         132 . The method of  claim 77 , wherein the composite is a salt of GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         133 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the composite is GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         134 . The method of  claim 80 , wherein the composite is a salt of GSSG•Pt.  
     
     
         135 . The composite of  claim 123 , wherein the composite is capable of being introduced in injectable form in a concentration between about 1% to about 10% by weight/volume.  
     
     
         136 . The composite of  claim 123 , wherein the composite is capable of being introduced in injectable form in a concentration between about 0.01% to about 3.0% by weight/volume.  
     
     
         137 . A composite comprising an oxidized glutathione-based compound comprising a carbon/nitrogen backbone of each of a dimer of a glutamic acid bonded to a cysteine bonded to a glycine, the dimer being linked through a disulfide unit, said composite further comprising a metal material in a molar equivalent ratio of between about 3000:1 to about 1:1, wherein the metal material comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum and palladium.