Tryptamine compositions for enhancing neurite outgrowth

Abstract

Described herein are neurotrophic and nootropic compositions and methods for treating subjects with such compositions. In one aspect the composition comprises one or more tryptamines or in pure form or extracts from psilocybin containing mushrooms, or combinations thereof optionally combined with one or more phenethylamines or amphetamines in pure form or extracts from a plant or mushroom, or combinations thereof, optionally one or more erinacines or hericenones in pure form, extracts from Hericium mushroom species (e.g., H. erinaceus, H. coralloides, H. ramosum) or combinations thereof, optionally one or more cannabinoids in pure form or extracts from Cannabis sativa, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, or Cannabis ruderalis, optionally, one or more adversive compounds, and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

What is claimed: 
     
         1 . A composition comprising norpsilocin or a salt or hydrate thereof or combinations thereof combined with one or more erinacines or hericenones in pure form, extracts or isolates from  Hericium  mushroom species, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         2 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the erinacines or hericenones comprise Erinacine A, Erinacine B, Erinacine C, Erinacine D, Erinacine E, Erinacine F, Erinacine G, Erinacine H, Erinacine I, Erinacine J, Erinacine K, Erinacine O, Erinacine P, Erinacine Q, Erinacine R, Erinacol, other Erinacines Hericenone A, Hericenone B, Hericenone C, Hericenone D, Hericenone E, Hericenone F, Hericenone G, Hericenone H, other hericenones, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof. 
     
     
         3 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises an extract of extracts or isolates from  Hericium erinaceus.    
     
     
         4 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises baeocystin or a salt or hydrate thereof. 
     
     
         5 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises norbaeocystin and a purified erinacine, hericenone, salts thereof, hydrates thereof, or combination thereof. 
     
     
         6 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises one or more cannabinoids in pure form or extracts or isolates from  Cannabis sativa, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica , or  Cannabis ruderalis.    
     
     
         7 . The composition of  claim 6 , wherein the cannabinoids comprise one or more of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabivarin (CBV), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabigerovarin (CBGV), cannabigerol monomethyl ether (CBGM), cannabielsoin (CBE), cannabicitran (CBT), among others, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof. 
     
     
         8 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises one or more phenethylamines or amphetamines in pure form or extracts or isolates from plants comprising thereof. 
     
     
         9 . The composition of  claim 8 , wherein the phenethylamines or amphetamines comprises 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine (Mescaline), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylphenethylamine (2C-E), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-2), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7), p-methoxy-amphetamine (PMA), 2,4-dimethoxy-amphetamine (2,4-DMA), 3,4-dimethoxy-amphetamine (3,4-DMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDA), 3-methoxy-4,5-methylendioxy-amphetamine (MMDA), 2-methoxy-3,4-methylendioxyamphetamine (MMDA-3a), 2-methoxy-4,5-methylendioxyamphetamine (MMDA-2), 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA-2), 2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (DMMDA), 2,3-dimethoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (DMMDA-2), 2,3,4,5-tetramethoxyamphetamine (TeMA), (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, inter alia, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof. 
     
     
         10 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises one or more adversive compounds comprising niacin, ipecac, apomorphine, bittering agents (e.g., denatonium benzoate), capsaicin, capsacutin dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, capsaicinoids, gingerol, pipeline, isopiperine, zingerone, shogaol, vanillylamide derivatives, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         11 . The composition of  claim 10 , wherein the adversive is niacin. 
     
     
         12 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises an extract of extracts or isolates from  Hericium erinaceus  and niacin. 
     
     
         13 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises an extract of extracts or isolates from  Pochonia chlamydosporia.    
     
     
         14 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises ketamine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof. 
     
     
         15 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 0.001 mg to 0.01 mg, 0.01 mg to 0.1 mg, 0.01 mg to 1 mg, 0.1 mg to 5 mg, 0.1 mg to 1 mg, 0.5 mg to 1 mg, 0.5 mg to 5 mg, 0.25 mg to 1 mg, 0.2 mg to 2 mg, or 0.2 mg to 5 mg of norpsilocin or an amount of a mushroom extract or mushroom to provide an equivalent dose. 
     
     
         16 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 1 μg to 5 μg, 1 μg to 10 μg, 5 μg to 10 μg, 10 μg to 5 mg, 10 μg to 100 μg, 100 μg to 1 mg, 500 μg to 1 mg, 500 μg to 5 mg, 1 mg to 5 mg, 100 μg to 1 mg, 100 μg to 500 μg, 100 μg to 250 μg; 250 μg to 1 mg; 750 μg to 1 mg, or 250 μg to 750 μg of one or more erinacines or hericenones or an amount of a mushroom extract or mushroom to provide an equivalent dose. 
     
     
         17 . The composition of  claim 6 , wherein the composition comprises 0.01 mg to 0.1 mg, 0.01 mg to 1 mg, 0.1 mg to 10 mg, 0.1 mg to 1 mg, 0.5 mg to 1 mg, 0.5 mg to 5 mg, 0.25 mg to 1 mg, 0.2 mg to 2 mg, 0.2 mg to 5 mg, or 1 mg to 10 mg of one or more cannabinoids or an amount of a plant extract or plant to provide an equivalent dose. 
     
     
         18 . The composition of  claim 8 , wherein the composition comprises 0.1 mg to 1 mg, 1 mg to 10 mg, 10 mg to 100 mg, 10 mg to 50 mg, 50 mg to 100 mg, 20 mg to 80 mg, 20 mg to 50 mg, 50 mg to 100 mg, 50 mg to 80 mg, or 10 mg to 80 mg of one or more phenethylamines or amphetamines or an amount of a plant or mushroom extract or plant or mushroom to provide an equivalent dose. 
     
     
         19 . The composition of  claim 10 , wherein the composition comprises 0.1 mg to 10 mg, 1 mg to 500 mg, 1 mg to 100 mg, 200 mg to 500 mg, 50 mg to 200 mg, 10 mg to 50 mg, 50 mg to 200 mg, 1 mg to 200 mg, or 1 mg to 50 mg of one or more adversives. 
     
     
         20 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. 
     
     
         21 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition is a powder admixture, liquid, suspension, or emulsion. 
     
     
         22 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises one or more extracts or pure chemicals from other fungi comprising one or more of,  Antrodia, Beauveria, Copelandia, Cordyceps, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Grifola, Hericium, Hypsizygus, Inonotus, Isaria, Panaeolus, Phellinus, Piptoporus, Pleurotus, Polyporus  or  Trametes  species or combinations thereof; a mycelium extract of  Antrodia, Beauveria, Copelandia, Cordyceps, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Grifola, Hericium, Hypsizygus, Inonotus, Isaria, Panaeolus, Phellinus, Piptoporus, Pleurotus, Polyporus  or  Trametes  species or combinations thereof; or a fruiting body extract of  Antrodia, Beauveria, Copelandia, Cordyceps, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Grifola, Hericium, Hypsizygus, Inonotus, Isaria, Panaeolus, Phellinus, Piptoporus, Pleurotus, Polyporus  or  Trametes  species or combinations thereof, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         23 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises one or more extracts or pure chemicals from other plant species comprising  Bacopa  species ( Bacopa monnien ), Gotu kola ( Centella asiatica ), and  Gingko  ( Gingko biloba , Ginger ( Zingiber officinale ), Holy Basil ( Ocimum sanctum ), Hu Zhang ( Polygonum cuspidatum ), Oregano ( Origanum vulgare, Origanum onites ), Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosmarinus eriocalyx , species in the genus  Rosmarinus ), Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ), Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis ), lavender ( Lavandula spica  and related species in the genus  Lavandula ), skullcap ( Scutellaria lateriflora ) oat straw ( Avena sativa, Avena byzantina ),  Salvia divinorum , aka Diviner's Sage,  Banisteriopsis caapi  and  Psychotria  species, plants containing ibogaine ( Tabemanthe iboga, Voacanga africana  and  Tabemaemontana undulate ), peyote ( Lophophora williamsii ), the seeds of morning glory ( Ipomoea tricolor  and related species) and Hawaiian baby wood rose ( Argyreia nervosa ),  Acacia confusa, Acacia obtusifolia, Acacia simplicifolia, Desmanthus illinoensis , or  Cannabis  ( Cannabis sativa, C. indica  and  C. ruderalis ) or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         24 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition is effective to treat, alleviate, prevent or ameliorate serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor disorders, psychiatric and mood disorders comprising depression, anxiety, major depressive disorder, treatment resistant depression, persistent depression, manic depression or bipolar disorder, depressive psychosis, perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, seasonal depressions, situational depression, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, sleep disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, substance abuse disorders (drug abuse, addiction, alcoholism); neuronal injuries or physical neurodegeneration (e.g., physical injury, head trauma, spinal cord trauma, concussion, peripheral neuron trauma, paralysis, ischemia, hypoxia, stroke; organophosphates, lead, heavy metals, nerve agents, other toxic compounds, prions, amyloid plaque, neurotoxic viruses, stress); neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease, adrenal leukodystrophy, Alexander's disease, Alper's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, balo concentric sclerosis, Canavan disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination, chronic idiopathic peripheral neuropathy, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease, Krabbe disease, monomelic amyotrophy, multiple sclerosis (MS), neurodegeneration, neuromyelitis optica, neuropathic pain, neurosarcoidosis, Parkinson's disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, primary lateral sclerosis, progressive supranuclear palsy, radicular pain, radiculopathic pain, Schilder's disease, sciatic pain, sciatica, subacute necrotizing myelopathy, transverse myelitis, or Zellweger syndrome); congenital or organic cognitive impairment, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder; cognitive enhancement, intelligence enhancement, creativity enhancement, memory improvement, learning enhancement and improvement, spiritual enhancement, “mind expansion,” IQ improvement, EQ improvement, balance enhancement, athleticism, motor skill enhancement, special navigation, clairvoyance, psychic enhancement, or general improvement of mental health. 
     
     
         25 . A method of treating or preventing serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor disorders, neuronal injuries, neurodegeneration, neurological diseases, congenital or organic cognitive impairment, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric and mood disorders, cognitive enhancement, physical or motor neuron enhancement, or general improvement of mental health in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising one or more tryptamines or in pure form or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof, or extracts or isolates from psilocybin containing mushrooms, or combinations thereof combined with one or more erinacines or hericenones in pure form or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof, or combinations thereof, extracts or isolates from  Hericium  mushroom species, combinations thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 25 , wherein the composition further comprises one or more adversive compounds comprising niacin, ipecac, apomorphine, bittering agents (e.g., denatonium benzoate), capsaicin, capsacutin dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, capsaicinoids, gingerol, pipeline, isopiperine, zingerone, shogaol, vanillylamide derivatives, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         27 . A method of treating or preventing serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor disorders, neuronal injuries, neurodegeneration, neurological diseases, congenital or organic cognitive impairment, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric and mood disorders, cognitive enhancement, physical or motor neuron enhancement, or general improvement of mental health in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising one or more tryptamines or in pure form or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, tautomers thereof or combinations thereof, or extracts or isolates from psilocybin containing mushrooms, or combinations thereof combined with one or more erinacines or hericenones in pure form or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof, or combinations thereof, extracts or isolates from  Hericium  mushroom species, combinations thereof; one or more cannabinoids in pure form or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, tautomers thereof, or combinations thereof, or extracts or isolates from  Cannabis sativa, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica , or  Cannabis ruderalis ; and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. 
     
     
         28 . A method of treating or preventing serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor disorders, neuronal injuries, neurodegeneration, neurological diseases, congenital or organic cognitive impairment, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric and mood disorders, cognitive enhancement, physical or motor neuron enhancement, or general improvement of mental health in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising norpsilocin, norbaeocystin, baeocystin, or psilocybin, combined with one or more erinacines or hericenones in pure form or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof, or combinations thereof, extracts or isolates from  Hericium  mushroom species, combinations thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. 
     
     
         29 . The use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more tryptamines, erinacines, hericenones, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof, or combinations thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor disorders, neuronal injuries, neurodegeneration, neurological diseases, congenital or organic cognitive impairment, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric and mood disorders, cognitive enhancement, physical or motor neuron enhancement, or general improvement of mental health. 
     
     
         30 . The use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one or more tryptamines or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof, or combinations thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor disorders, neuronal injuries, neurodegeneration, neurological diseases, congenital or organic cognitive impairment, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric and mood disorders, cognitive enhancement, physical or motor neuron enhancement, or general improvement of mental health. 
     
     
         31 . The use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one or more tryptamines, erinacines, hericenones, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof, or combinations thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients in the manufacture of a medicament for treating serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor disorders, neuronal injuries, neurodegeneration, neurological diseases, congenital or organic cognitive impairment, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric and mood disorders, cognitive enhancement, physical or motor neuron enhancement, or general improvement of mental health in a subject in need thereof. 
     
     
         32 . The use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one or more tryptamines, erinacines, hericenones, cannabinoids, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof, or combinations thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for treating or preventing serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor disorders, neuronal injuries, neurodegeneration, neurological diseases, congenital or organic cognitive impairment, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric and mood disorders, cognitive enhancement, physical or motor neuron enhancement, or general improvement of mental health in a subject in need thereof. 
     
     
         33 . A means for treating or preventing serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor disorders, neuronal injuries, neurodegeneration, neurological diseases, congenital or organic cognitive impairment, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric and mood disorders, cognitive enhancement, physical or motor neuron enhancement, or general improvement of mental health in a subject in need thereof in in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more tryptamines, erinacines, hericenones, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof, or combinations thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to the subject. 
     
     
         34 . A means for treating or preventing serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor disorders, neuronal injuries, neurodegeneration, neurological diseases, congenital or organic cognitive impairment, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric and mood disorders, cognitive enhancement, physical or motor neuron enhancement, or general improvement of mental health in a subject in need thereof in in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more tryptamines, erinacines, hericenones, cannabinoids, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof, or combinations thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to the subject. 
     
     
         35 . A method for inducing neurite growth and neurite lengthening comprising administering an effective an effective amount of one or more tryptamines or in pure form or extracts or isolates from psilocybin containing mushrooms, or combinations thereof combined with one or more erinacines or hericenones in pure form, extracts or isolates from  Hericium  mushroom species, or combinations thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to the subject. 
     
     
         36 . A method for inducing neurite growth and neurite lengthening comprising administering an effective an effective amount of one or more or norpsilocin, norbaeocystin, baeocystin, or psilocybin combined with one or more erinacines or hericenones in pure form, extracts or isolates from  Hericium  mushroom species, or combinations thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to the subject. 
     
     
         37 . A process for producing a composition comprising norpsilocin in pure form or extracts or isolates from psilocybin containing mushrooms, or combinations thereof combined with one or more erinacines or hericenones in pure form, extracts or isolates from  Hericium  mushroom species, or combinations thereof, comprising:
 growing a mushroom on a substrate;   separating mushroom mycelium from a fruitbody and the substrate;   extracting the mushroom mycelium in a solvent, forming a solution; and   lyophilizing the extract.   
     
     
         38 . The process of  claim 37 , wherein the substrate comprises one or more of rice, oat, straw, or sawdust. 
     
     
         39 . The process of  claim 37 , wherein the solvent is ethanol.