Equipment and Methods for Determining Waiting-on-Cement Time in a Subterranean Well

Abstract

Improved equipment and methods for determining the waiting-on-cement time after a cementing operation involve an optic-fiber coil that immersed in the cement slurry downhole. The intensity of a reflected light signal from the coil is monitored versus time. Attenuation of the reflected-light intensity corresponds to the development of gel strength, allowing operators to unambiguously determine when wellbore operations may recommence after a cement job.

1 . A method for determining the set time of a cement slurry in a subterranean wellbore, comprising:
 (i) selecting a continuous fiber-optic line having a first end and a second end;   (ii) securing the first end to a fixed position;   (iii) securing the second end to a spool, and winding the rest of the line around the spool such that there is sufficient line to form at least one coil crossing when the set time is determined;   (iv) immersing the spool in the cement slurry;   (v) generating a light signal from the fixed position and transmitting the signal along the fiber-optic line; and   (vi) measuring changes in the reflected-signal intensity, thereby informing on the state of the cement slurry in which the spool is immersed.   
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 (i) placing the spool in an apparatus for dispensing line;   (ii) attaching the apparatus to a device that travels through a tubular body in the wellbore, and inserting both inside the tubular body;   (iii) pumping cement slurry into the tubular body, releasing the device, allowing the device to travel through the tubular body, away from the fixed position, thereby allowing the line to unwind from the apparatus;   (iv) pumping a volume of cement slurry behind the device such that the apparatus and the spool are immersed in the cement slurry; and   (v) pumping process fluid behind the cement slurry, and allowing the device to rest at a desired location inside the tubular body.   
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 (i) placing the spool inside a sealable chamber;   (ii) filling the chamber with the cement slurry and sealing the chamber with fiber spool inside;   (iii) installing the chamber in the well, such that the cement slurry inside the chamber experiences the same curing conditions as the slurry in the subterranean wellbore.   
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 3 , wherein the sealable chamber is a bomb that is released into a tubular body after cement-slurry displacement, and travels down the well by force of gravity. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the cement slurry is used in the context of primary cementing or remedial cementing. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the fiber-coil pitch in the spool is greater than the fiber diameter. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein at least one sensor is connected to the second end of the fiber line. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein a Bragg-grating sensor is placed on one end of the fiber-optic line. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the fixed position is located at the surface of the well. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the light signal is generated and analyzed by an instrument that comprises a light transmitter and receiver. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the fiber macrobend radius changes as the cement slurry sets, thereby causing an attenuation of the light signal. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the device that travels through the tubular body is a cementing plug. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the desired location is a casing shoe. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the light-signal wavelength is between 400 nm and 1700 nm. 
     
     
         15 . A method of treating a well comprising:
 (i) pumping a cement slurry in a subterranean wellbore;   (ii) selecting a continuous fiber-optic line having a first end and a second end;   (iii) securing the first end to a fixed position;   (iv) securing the second end to a spool, and winding the rest of the line around the spool such that there is sufficient line to form at least one coil crossing when the set time is determined;   (v) immersing the spool in the cement slurry;   (vi) generating a light signal from the fixed position and transmitting the signal along the fiber-optic line; and   (vii) measuring changes in the reflected-signal intensity, thereby informing on the state of the cement slurry in which the spool is immersed.   
     
     
         16 . The method according to  claim 15 , further comprising:
 (i) placing the spool in an apparatus for dispensing line;   (ii) attaching the apparatus to a device that travels through a tubular body in the wellbore, and inserting both inside the tubular body;   (iii) pumping cement slurry into the tubular body, releasing the device, allowing the device to travel through the tubular body, away from the fixed position, thereby allowing the line to unwind from the apparatus;   (iv) pumping a volume of cement slurry behind the device such that the apparatus and the spool are immersed in the cement slurry; and   (v) pumping process fluid behind the cement slurry, and allowing the device to rest at a desired location inside the tubular body.   
     
     
         17 . The method according to  claim 15 , wherein the fiber macrobend radius changes as the cement slurry sets, thereby causing an attenuation of the light signal. 
     
     
         18 . A method of cementing a well comprising:
 (i) pumping a cement slurry in a subterranean wellbore;   (ii) selecting a continuous fiber-optic line having a first end and a second end;   (iii) securing the first end to a fixed position;   (iv) securing the second end to a spool, and winding the rest of the line around the spool such that there is sufficient line to form at least one coil crossing when the set time is determined;   (v) immersing the spool in the cement slurry;   (vi) generating a light signal from the fixed position and transmitting the signal along the fiber-optic line; and   (vii) measuring changes in the reflected-signal intensity, thereby informing on the state of the cement slurry in which the spool is immersed.   
     
     
         19 . The method according to  claim 18  further comprising:
 (i) placing the spool in an apparatus for dispensing line; 
 (ii) attaching the apparatus to a device that travels through a tubular body in the wellbore, and inserting both inside the tubular body; 
 (iii) pumping cement slurry into the tubular body, releasing the device, allowing the device to travel through the tubular body, away from the fixed position, thereby allowing the line to unwind from the apparatus; 
 (iv) pumping a volume of cement slurry behind the device such that the apparatus and the spool are immersed in the cement slurry; and 
 (v) pumping process fluid behind the cement slurry, and allowing the device to rest at a desired location inside the tubular body. 
 
     
     
         20 . The method according to  claim 18 , wherein the fiber macrobend radius changes as the cement slurry sets, thereby causing an attenuation of the light signal. 
     
     
         21 . A method for determining the set time of a cement slurry in a subterranean formation traversed by wellbore, comprising:
 (i) selecting a continuous fiber-optic line having a first end and a second end;   (ii) securing the first end to a fixed position;   (iii) securing the second end to a spool, and winding the rest of the line around the spool to form at least one coil crossing;   (iv) immersing the spool in the cement slurry;   (v) generating a light signal from the fixed position and transmitting the signal along the fiber-optic line; and   (vi) measuring changes in the reflected-signal intensity to characterize the state of the cement slurry in which the spool is immersed.   
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 (i) placing the spool in an apparatus for dispensing line;   (ii) attaching the apparatus to a device that travels through a tubular body in the wellbore, and inserting both inside the tubular body;   (iii) pumping cement slurry into the tubular body, releasing the device, allowing the device to travel through the tubular body, away from the fixed position, thereby allowing the line to unwind from the apparatus;   (iv) pumping a volume of cement slurry behind the device such that the apparatus and the spool are immersed in the cement slurry; and   (v) pumping process fluid behind the cement slurry, and allowing the device to rest at a desired location inside the tubular body.   
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 21 , further comprising:
 (i) placing the spool inside a sealable chamber;   (ii) filling the chamber with the cement slurry and sealing the chamber with fiber spool inside;   (iii) installing the chamber in the well, wherein the cement slurry inside the chamber experiences the same curing conditions as the slurry in the subterranean wellbore.   
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the sealable chamber is a bomb that is released into a tubular body after cement-slurry displacement, and travels down the well by force of gravity. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein the cement slurry is used for primary cementing or remedial cementing. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein the fiber-coil pitch in the spool is greater than the fiber diameter. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein at least one sensor is connected to the second end of the fiber line. 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein a Bragg-grating sensor is placed on one end of the fiber-optic line. 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein the fixed position is located at the surface of the well. 
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein the light signal is generated and analyzed by an instrument that comprises a light transmitter and receiver. 
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein the fiber macrobend radius changes as the cement slurry sets, thereby causing an attenuation of the light signal. 
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein the device that travels through the tubular body is a cementing plug. 
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein the desired location is a casing shoe. 
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein the light-signal wavelength is between 400 nm and 1700 nm. 
     
     
         35 . A method of treating a well comprising:
 (i) pumping a cement slurry in a subterranean wellbore;   (ii) selecting a continuous fiber-optic line having a first end and a second end;   (iii) securing the first end to a fixed position;   (iv) securing the second end to a spool, and winding the rest of the line around the spool;   (v) immersing the spool in the cement slurry;   (vi) generating a light signal from the fixed position and transmitting the signal along the fiber-optic line; and   (vii) measuring changes in the reflected-signal intensity and identifying a state of the cement slurry in which the spool is immersed.   
     
     
         36 . The method according to  claim 35 , further comprising:
 (i) placing the spool in an apparatus for dispensing line;   (ii) attaching the apparatus to a device that travels through a tubular body in the wellbore, and inserting both inside the tubular body;   (iii) pumping cement slurry into the tubular body, releasing the device, allowing the device to travel through the tubular body, away from the fixed position, thereby allowing the line to unwind from the apparatus;   (iv) pumping a volume of cement slurry behind the device such that the apparatus and the spool are immersed in the cement slurry; and   (v) pumping process fluid behind the cement slurry, and allowing the device to rest at a desired location inside the tubular body.   
     
     
         37 . The method according to  claim 35 , wherein the fiber macrobend radius changes as the cement slurry sets, thereby causing an attenuation of the light signal. 
     
     
         38 . A method of cementing a well comprising:
 (i) pumping a cement slurry in a subterranean wellbore;   (ii) selecting a continuous fiber-optic line having a first end and a second end;   (iii) securing the first end to a fixed position;   (iv) securing the second end to a spool, and winding the rest of the line around the spool such that there is sufficient line to form at least one coil crossing when the set time is determined;   (v) immersing the spool in the cement slurry;   (vi) generating a light signal from the fixed position and transmitting the signal along the fiber-optic line; and   (vii) measuring changes in the reflected-signal intensity.   
     
     
         39 . The method according to  claim 38  further comprising:
 (i) placing the spool in an apparatus for dispensing line; 
 (ii) attaching the apparatus to a device that travels through a tubular body in the wellbore, and inserting both inside the tubular body; 
 (iii) pumping cement slurry into the tubular body, releasing the device, allowing the device to travel through the tubular body, away from the fixed position, thereby allowing the line to unwind from the apparatus; 
 (iv) pumping a volume of cement slurry behind the device such that the apparatus and the spool are immersed in the cement slurry; and 
 (v) pumping process fluid behind the cement slurry, and allowing the device to rest at a desired location inside the tubular body. 
 
     
     
         40 . The method according to  claim 38 , wherein the fiber macrobend radius changes as the cement slurry sets, thereby causing an attenuation of the light signal.